genetic diversity among plants sprouted from seven year old clones of mulberry (morus indica var. s36) was studied using molecular markers such as issr and rapd. the clones showed significant variability in sex expression and the sprouting behavior. these changes were appeared after seven years of rigorous pruning and training (pruned once in every 3-4months). genetic diversity analysis reveale...

historically, biomarkers have been used in two major ways to maintain and improve better health status: first, for diagnostic purposes, and second, as specific targets to treat various diseases.   a new era in treatment and even cure for the some diseases using reprograming of somatic cells is about to be born. in this approach, scientists are successfully taking human skin cells (previously co...

abstract to produce embryogenic callus and somatic embryo, whole flower explants were collected at two sampling stages of i, iii. to produce embryogenic callus and somatic embryo, ms medium supplemented with 5 and 10µm 2,4-d and 2µm bap were used. for embryo differentiation, ms medium with 0.5mg/l iba, ms medium without any plant growth regulators, ms medium with 2mg/l iba and 0.2mg/l bap, ms m...

Gout is a chronic disease in which excessively high levels of serum urate (hyperuricemia) result in tissue depositions of sodium urate crystals and intermittent inflammatory attacks. Patients who have gout frequently experience a range of comorbidities, which complicates management and affects long-term prognosis. We review some of the more important of these comorbidities and consider the exte...

1 Louise just came out of the doctor’s office, after having received a diagnosis of major depression. She feels relieved to know that she will finally be able to get help for her problems. On the other hand, she remains ambivalent about what she could have told the doctor and did not dare to talk about, like the aggression she experienced that continues to haunt her every day, her frequent alco...

Comorbidity refers to the presence of an additional co-existing ailment in a patient with a particular index disease. Migraine co-morbidities have been reported in various clinical and case control studies. Comorbidities impose a high socio-economic burden on society and compromise the quality of life in migraineurs. There are several factors which can complicate the investigation of co-morbidi...

The timely and well-structured presentation concerning the burden of comorbidities and functional and cognitive impairments in elderly patients with heart failure by Murad et al. (1) and the accompanying thought-provoking editorial by Shaffer and Maurer merit an additional point of concern regarding mortality. The comorbid statistical assessment of factors contributing to greater total mortalit...

Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin condition, often associated with other diseases. Around 25 % of patients develop joint involvement in the form of psoriatic arthritis as well. Recent epidemiologic studies demonstrated an increased cardiovascular morbidity among psoriasis patients, which contributes to their reduced life expectancy. High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome as well as adv...

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with several comorbidities. A few decades ago, it was considered an exclusive skin disease but today it is considered a multisystem disease. It is believed that 73% of psoriasis patients have at least one comorbidity. Studies have demonstrated the association of psoriasis with inflammatory bowel disease, uveitis, psychiatric disorders, meta...

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory, immune-mediated skin disease, which affects 2%-3% of the population worldwide. Chronic plaque psoriasis is frequently associated with metabolic diseases including diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Although the causal relationship between metabolic comorbidities and psoriasis has not yet been completely ...