The concept of canopy spectral invariants expresses the observation that simple algebraic combinations of leaf and canopy spectral reflectance become wavelength independent and determine two canopy structure specific variables – the recollision and escape probabilities. These variables specify an accurate relationship between the spectral response of a vegetation canopy to incident solar radiat...

A first-return laser rangefinder deployed from a low-flying helicopter provided inexpensive, repeatable, and high-resolution measurements of the shape of the outer forest canopy in stands of four successional stages on the Maryland coastal plain. The traces of canopy height in these stands revealed structural characteristics such as cover, maximum and mean heights which were consistent with cor...

Vegetation with an adequate supply of water might contribute to cooling the land surface around it through latent heat flux transpiration. This study investigates potential estimation evaporative at plot scale, using soybean as example. Some plants’ physiological parameters were monitored and sampled weekly intervals. A physics-based model was then applied estimate irrigation-induced effect wit...