Fire affects and is affected by plants. Vegetation varies in flammability, that is, its general ability to burn, at different levels of ecological organization. To scale from individual plant traits to community flammability states, understanding trait effects on species flammability variation and their interaction is important. Plant traits are the cumulative result of evolution and they show,...

Total DNA from five Campylobacter species was digested with a mixture of XhoI and BglII restriction endonucleases and analyzed by Southern hybridization by using a probe complementary to the DNA coding for the 16S rRNA. Each of the Campylobacter species, including C. jejuni, C. coli, C. laridis, C. fetus, and C. upsaliensis, displayed a characteristic pattern. Although some bands may be common ...

A method is presented for developing sediment quality guidelines (SQG) for narcotic chemicals in general and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particular. The guidelines can be applied to any individual or mixture of narcotic chemicals including PAHs using only the chemical’s octanol/water partition coefficient. They are derived using the final chronic values for type I narcotics devel...

Species in the aquatic environment differ in their toxicological sensitivity to the various chemicals they encounter. In aquatic risk assessment, this interspecies variation is often quantified via species sensitivity distributions. Because the information available for the characterization of these distributions is typically limited, optimal use of information is essential to reduce uncertaint...

One of the most significant issues in pharmaceutical industries, prior to commercializationof a pharmaceutical preparation is the “preformulation” stage. However, far too attention hasbeen paid to verification of the software assisted statistical designs in preformulation studies.The main aim of this study was to report a step by step preformulation approach for a semisolidpreparation based on ...

background and purpose: pistacia atlantica, which belongs to the anacardiaceae family, grows in the zagrossian region of iran. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal properties of pistacia atlantica and olive leaf extracts against different fungal species. materials and methods: in this study, we assessed the activities of olive leaf extracts and pistacia atlantica leaf and fruit ...

It is shown that the Coulomb energy U of fully ionized ionic mixture can be written as a sum over partial contributions of ion species j: U = T ∑ j Nju(Γj , yj) (generalized linear mixing rule). In contrast to the traditional linear mixing rule ULM = T ∑ j NjuOCP(Γj), applicable for strong coupling, the partial contribution function u depends not only on Γj , but on an additional parameter yj =...

In an ultracold mixture of two different Fermi species of atoms, Cooper pairs can be formed between two different atoms. The masses of one atom and its partner in this kind of Cooper pairs may differ by order of magnitude. In this system, each species of atoms are in the same atomic spin state and two species have the same atomic densities. The pairing gap diminishes if two species have differe...

1. Matrix population models are widely used to predict population dynamics, but when applied to species-rich ecosystems with many rare species, the small population sample sizes hinder a good fit of species-specific models. This issue can be overcome by assigning species to groups to increase the size of the calibration data sets. However, the species classification is often disconnected from t...