The expected numbers of different categories of polymorphic sites are derived for two related models of population history the isolation model, in which an ancestral population splits into two descendents, and the size-change model, in which a single population undergoes an instantaneous change in size. For the isolation model, the observed numbers of shared, fixed, and exclusive polymorphic si...

In a probability guessing experiment, subjects try to guess which of two events will occur next. Humans tend to match the frequency of previous occurrences in their guesses. Animals other than humans tend to maximize or always choose the option that has occurred the most frequently in the past. Investigators have argued that frequency matching results from the attempt of humans to find patterns...

Hemisphere differences in word reading were examined using explicit and implicit processing measures. In an inclusion task, which indexes both conscious (explicit) and unconscious (implicit) word reading processes, participants were briefly presented with a word in either the right or the left visual field and were asked to use this word to complete a three-letter word stem. In an exclusion tas...

After a single dose of radiation, transient changes caused by cell death are likely to occur in the oxygenation of surviving cells. Since cell radiosensitivity increases with oxygen concentration, reoxygenation is expected to increase the sensitivity of the cell population to a successive irradiation. In previous papers we proposed a model of the response to treatment of tumour cords (cylindric...

background: in medical research, dichotomisation of continuous variables is a widespread use approach. however, it has been argued that dichotomisation might be waste of information. the aim of this paper is to review the main methods to dichotomise continuous data, to address practical issues around dichotomisation methods, and to investigate whether dichotomisation is always a bad idea. metho...

In this work a parallel multi-objective genetic algorithm is presented. The population selection and mating phase is kept distinct from the population fitness evaluation loop, that is implemented in parallel. The population can be logically split in subpopulations which number does not depend on the number of processors available for computation. Different sub-population topologies and migratio...

The Gaussian noise model is used to estimate the performance of three digital nonlinearity compensation (NLC) algorithms in C-band, long-haul, optical fiber transmission, when the span length and NLC bandwidth are independently varied. The algorithms are receiver-side digital backpropagation (DBP), transmitter-side DBP (digital precompensation), and Split NLC (an equal division of DBP between t...

BACKGROUND Random survival forest (RSF) models have been identified as alternative methods to the Cox proportional hazards model in analysing time-to-event data. These methods, however, have been criticised for the bias that results from favouring covariates with many split-points and hence conditional inference forests for time-to-event data have been suggested. Conditional inference forests (...