The spore-forming bacterial pathogen Clostridium difficile is a leading cause of health care-associated infections in the United States. In order for this obligate anaerobe to transmit infection, it must form metabolically dormant spores prior to exiting the host. A key step during this process is the assembly of a protective, multilayered proteinaceous coat around the spore. Coat assembly depe...

Bacillus anthracis spore germination is usually detected in vitro by alterations in spore refractility, heat resistance, and stainability. We developed a more quantitative, sensitive, and semi-automated procedure for detecting germination by using a microtiter kinetic reader for fluorescence spectrophotometry. The procedure was based on the increase in fluorescence of spores with time during th...

In this study, we optimized the fermentation medium for spore production of Paenibacillus polymyxa IN937a. Seven factors including molasses, glucose, magnesium sulfate, potassium pyrophosphate, yeast extract, zinc and ammonium sulfate are selected as basis screening affecting P. IN937a by Plackett-Burman experiment. Based on analysis matrix, result showed that were three main impact (P < 0.0...

The endospores of Bacillus anthracis are the infectious particles of anthrax. Spores are dormant bacterial morphotypes able to withstand harsh environments for decades, which contributes to their ability to be formulated and dispersed as a biological weapon. We monitored gene expression in B. anthracis during growth and sporulation using full genome DNA microarrays and matched the results again...

Although significant progress has been achieved in understanding the genetic and biochemical bases of the spore germination process, the structural basis for breaking the dormant spore state remains poorly understood. We have used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to probe the high-resolution structural dynamics of single Bacillus atrophaeus spores germinating under native conditions. Here, we show...

Zinc release is the first quantitatively significant event detected during the triggering of Bacillus megaterium KM spore germination. Of the total spore Zn2+ pool 25% is released from non-heat-activated spores within 4 min of triggering germination. During this period only 10% of the spore population becomes irreversibly committed to germinate. The investigation of a putative role for Zn2+ in ...

Tanah berpasir dari horizon permukaan (0-15 em) di bawah tanaman gajus telah disampel dari kawasan-kawasan pantai di Besut dan Kuantan (Malaysia) untuk spora-spora mikoriza. Pengasingan sporaspora mikoriza telah dibuat daripada kedua-dua siri Rudua dan Jambu di Besut dan juga dari siri Rudua dan Baging di Kuantan. Sampel-sampel tanah dari Kuantan mengandungi lebih banyak spora mikoriza dari tan...

to isolate and detect anthrax spores form soil in different regions of iran in order to find the anthrax foci‚ a total of 668 environmental specimens were collected during 2003-2004. bacterial endospores were extracted from soil specimens via flotation in distilled water, incubation at room temperature, filtration, heat shock and culture on blood agar and selective plet media. bacillus anthraci...

The bacterial spore, the hardiest known life form, can survive in a metabolically dormant state for many years and can withstand high temperatures, radiation, and toxic chemicals. The molecular basis of spore dormancy and resistance is not understood, but the physical state of water in the different spore compartments is thought to play a key role. To characterize this water in situ, we recorde...