It is the exception that provers share and trust each others proofs. One reason for this is that different provers structure their proof evidence in remarkably different ways, including, for example, proof scripts, resolution refutations, tableaux, Herbrand expansions, natural deductions, etc. In this paper, we propose an approach to foundational proof certificates as a means of flexibly presen...

In this paper we will discuss the fundamental ideas behind proof assistants: What are they and what is a proof anyway? We give a short history of the main ideas, emphasizing the way they ensure the correctness of the mathematics formalized. We will also briefly discuss the places where proof assistants are used and how we envision their extended use in the future. While being an introduction in...

We consider a recent publication on higher-order process calculi [13] and describe how its main results have been formalized in the Coq proof assistant. We highlight several important technical issues that we have uncovered in the original publication. We believe these issues are not unique to the paper under consideration and require particular care to be avoided. Our ultimate goal is to show ...

We present a formal, mathematical model of argument structure and evaluation, called the Carneades Argumentation Framework, which applies proof standards [5] to determine the defensibility of arguments and the acceptability of statements on an issue-by-issue basis. Carneades uses three kinds of premises (ordinary premises, presumptions and exceptions) and information about the dialectical statu...

Why can testimony alone be enough for findings of liability? statistical evidence can't? These questions underpin the ‘Proof Paradox’. Many epistemologists have attempted to explain this paradox from a purely epistemic perspective. I call it ‘Epistemic Project’. In paper, take step back recent trend. Stemming considerations about nature and role standards proof, define three requirements that a...

Phenotypic variation among organisms is central to evolutionary adaptations underlying natural and artificial selection, and also determines individual susceptibility to common diseases. These types of complex traits pose special challenges for genetic analysis because of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions, genetic heterogeneity, low penetrance, and limited statistical power. Emerging ...

In this paper, we introduce our formalization of Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm. DES, which was formerly the most widely used symmetric cryptosystem in the world, is a block cipher that was selected by the National Bureau of Standards as an official Federal Information Processing Standard for the United States in 1976. We prove the correctness of our formalization by using the Mizar p...

A number of industrial software development standards mandate that safety-critical software components be developed using formal methods, including formal verification. While formal development is supported by a number of formal development environments, verification of correctness properties is still a major bottleneck. Most formal development environments provide built-in facilities for disch...

introduction: database evaluation indicators include management, content, technical, and search indicators. a database must have a high level of information retrieval. as search features is one of the most important factors in database evaluation, this research tried to evaluate search input and output in online databases of isfahan university of medical sciences (iums) central library website ...