We discuss electron diffraction from two counterpropagating light waves with two different frequencies. We show that, even though these waves do not form a standing wave, electron diffraction similar to the conventional Kapitza-Dirac effect, i.e., scattering on a standing wave, is still possible. The nonlinear response of the electron to the laser fields creates a stationary diffraction grating...

We use a combination of several different types of lithography to generate Bragg-grating devices. In interference lithography, two coherent laser beams are crossed, generating a standing-wave interference pattern. This standing-wave pattern is used to expose photoresist, yielding a coherent deep-submicron-period grating. This grating can be used directly as the device grating or it can serve as...

When a thin dielectric film placed between two semi-infinite media is irradiated with monochromatic plane waves, a standing wave is produced in the film. An analytical expression for the standing wave intensity within the film is derived. This expression is then expanded to include the effects of other dielectric films on either side of the film or an inhomogeneous film. Applications of these e...

Deflection of two-level atoms by a pulsed standing wave with a pulse duration of a few nanoseconds is studied by using the density matrix formalism. The effect of the limited coherence time of the pulsed laser field on the momentum distribution of the deflected atoms is investigated. In particular, we determine the coherence time at which the deflection by a pulsed standing wave differs signifi...

This work is carried out to determine the empirical boundary conditions of concentration/separation of yeast cells, red blood cells of rats and guinea pigs in standing ultrasonic wave, based on the performed theoretical calculations. The results indicated that increase flow rate of the medium above the theoretically calculated values of cell retention in a standing ultrasonic wave causes them t...

Evolution of a coronal loop in response to an impulsive energy release is numerically modelled. It is shown that the loop density evolution curves exhibit quasi-periodic perturbations with the periods given approximately by the ratio of the loop length to the average sound speed, associated with the second standing harmonics of an acoustic wave. The density perturbations have a maximum near the...