The bacterial flagellar motor (BFM) is responsible for driving bacterial locomotion and chemotaxis, fundamental processes in pathogenesis and biofilm formation. In the BFM, torque is generated at the interface between transmembrane proteins (stators) and a rotor. It is well established that the passage of ions down a transmembrane gradient through the stator complex provides the energy for torq...

In many variable-torque applications of induction machines, it is desirable to operate the machine at high flux levels, thus allowing the machine to produce higher torques. This can lead to saturation of the main flux path, introducing crosscoupling effects which can severely disrupt the performance of controllers dependent on knowledge of the machine’s magnetic parameters. Stator-flux-oriented...

As MEMS transducers are scaled up in size, the threshold is quickly crossed to where magnetoquasistatic (MQS) transducers are superior for force production compared to electroquasistatic (EQS) transducers. Considerable progress has been made increasing the force output of MEMS EQS transducers, but progress with MEMS MQS transducers has been more modest. A key reason for this has been the diffic...

The polar flagellar motor of Vibrio alginolyticus rotates using Na(+) influx through the stator, which is composed of 2 subunits, PomA and PomB. About a dozen stators dynamically assemble around the rotor, depending on the Na(+) concentration in the surrounding environment. The motor torque is generated by the interaction between the cytoplasmic domain of PomA and the C-terminal region of FliG,...

Flagellar motors embedded in bacterial membranes are molecular machines powered by specific ion flows. Each motor is composed of a stator and a rotor and the interactions of those components are believed to generate the torque. Na(+) influx through the PomA/PomB stator complex of Vibrio alginolyticus is coupled to torque generation and is speculated to trigger structural changes in the cytoplas...

This article presents a method for fault detection and diagnosis of stator inter-turn short circuitin three phase induction machines. The technique is based on the stator current and modelling in the dqframe using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy artificial intelligence approach. The developed fault analysis method is illustrated using MATLAB simulations. The obtained results are promisingbased on the n...

In this paper, the author proposes a sensorless direct torque control (DTC) of an induction motor (IM) fed by seven-level NPC inverter using artificial neural networks (ANN) and fuzzy logic controller. Fuzzy PI controller is used for controlling the rotor speed and ANN applied in switching select stator voltage. The control method proposed in this paper can reduce the torque, stator flux and to...

In this paper, we present a novel technique to estimate the position of the rotor of a switched reluctance motor by observing the characteristics of the vibration of the stator during the motor operation. This removes the need of the shaft position sensor which is known for its unreliability and problems associated with its application. Vibration in switched reluctance motors is generated mainl...

Rotation of bacterial flagellar motor is driven by the interaction between the stator and rotor, and the driving energy is supplied by ion influx through the stator channel. The stator is composed of the MotA and MotB proteins, which form a hetero-hexameric complex with a stoichiometry of four MotA and two MotB molecules. MotA and MotB are four- and single-transmembrane proteins, respectively. ...

The rotational mechanism of ATP synthases requires a unique interface between the stator a subunit and the rotating c-ring to accommodate stability and smooth rotation simultaneously. The recently published c-ring crystal structure of the ATP synthase of Ilyobacter tartaricus represents the conformation in the absence of subunit a. However, in order to understand the dynamic structural processe...