The field of steroid hormone action is well established, although it is barely more than four decades old. Pivotal experiments in the late 1950s and 1960s showed that hormone-binding components exist within nuclei of target tissues and that steroid hormones act by regulating gene expression, rather than directly influencing enzymatic processes. The understanding that steroid hormone receptors i...

Rat liver cytosol contains a heat-labile macromolecule that inhibits the binding of the transformed glucocorticoid-receptor complex to nuclei or DNA-cellulose (Milgrom, E., and Atger, M. (1975) J. Steroid Biochem. 6, 487-492; Simons, S. S., Jr., Martinez, H. M., Garcea, R. L., Baxter, J. D., and Tomkins, G. M. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 334-343. We have developed a quantitative assay for the in...

After binding to enhancer elements, transcription factors require transcriptional coactivator proteins to mediate their stimulation of transcription initiation. A search for possible coactivators for steroid hormone receptors resulted in identification of glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1). The complete coding sequence for GRIP1, isolated from a mouse brain cDNA library, cont...

Vitamin K is principally known because it involved in blood coagulation. Furthermore, epidemiological studies showed that its deficit was associated with increased fragility fractures, vascular calcification and mortality. There are two main types of vitamin vitamers: Phylloquinone (or PK) Menaquinones (MKn). acts both as coenzyme y-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) transforming undercarboxylated car...

In vitro studies reveal that nuclear receptor coactivators enhance the transcriptional activity of steroid receptors, including estrogen (ER) and progestin receptors (PR), through ligand-dependent interactions. Whereas work from our laboratory and others shows that steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) is essential for efficient ER and PR action in brain, very little is known about receptor-co...

Several methods are currently employed to evaluate expression of steroid hormone receptors in tissues and cells, including real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) and western blot assays. These methods require homogenization of cells, thereby preventing evaluation of individual cells or specific cell types in a given tissue sample. In addition, methods such ...

introduction: estradiol is a neuroactive steroid, which is found in several brain areas such as locus coeruleus (lc). estradiol modulates nociception by binding to its receptors and also by allosteric interaction with other membranebound receptors like glutamate and gabaa receptors. lc is involved in noradrenergic descending pain modulation. methods: in order to study the effect of 17β-estradio...

Amplification of the c-myc and HER2/neu genes was found in 20 and 23%, respectively, of primary breast cancer tissues derived from 282 patients (median follow-up, 74 months). c-myc amplification was observed more frequently in larger tumors (P = 0.01) and in lymph node-positive patients (P = 0.01) but was not associated with age, menopausal status, or with differentiation grade or steroid recep...

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) plays a major role in the expression of estrogen-responsive genes. Although its conventional binding characteristics have been considered coincident with & exclusively in the class of steroid hormone receptors, increasing evidence challenges this paradigm. ERα was shown to bind to consensus estrogen response element half-sites (cHERE) in DNA in the presence of the ...