Azathioprine, which is a derivative of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), is considered an effective immunosuppressive treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, particularly in patients with steroid resistant disease. For example, in the course of 1 year, 50% of patients with Crohn’s disease will require steroids for its treatment; of these 50% will either be steroid resistant or steroid dependent, and th...

Most childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) arises from early B-lineage cells, and response to steroid treatment is critical to successful ALL therapy. To investigate the effect of the pre-B cell receptor (preBCR) complex on the response of leukemic cells to steroids, cytoplasmic protein (cyto ) was transfected into cyto -, steroid-resistant early B cell lines. The presence of cyto and th...

Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a rare disease diagnosed by skeletal malformations, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNs), and T-cell immunodeficiency. Proteinuria with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) the most common renal pathologic finding in SIOD. In this case report, we present an 8-year-old boy generalized edema, kyphosis, who was eventually

This review compares the biopsy patterns, complications, responses to therapy, and long-term outcomes of idiopathic NS in children and adults. On first examination, distinctions between the pediatric and adult diseases seem more quantitative than absolute. However, underlying determinants of outcome, including immunocompetence, growth, maturity, and senescence, can present very different challe...