Predation risk is thought to be highly variable in space and time. However, breeding avian predators may create locally fixed and spatially fairly predictable predation risk determined by the distance to their nest. From the prey perspective, this creates predation risk gradients that potentially have an effect on fitness and behavioural decisions of prey. We studied how breeding avian predator...

Aim Coalescent models enable the direct estimation of parameters with clear biological relevance (i.e. divergence time, migration rate and rate of expansion), but they have typically been applied to phylogeographical research without a priori assessment of their fit to the empirical system. Here we explore the extent to which phylogeographical inference can be misled by evaluating the fit of se...

After nearly a century of height suppression, willows (Salix spp.) in the northern range of Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A., are increasing in height growth as a possible consequence of wolf (Canis lupus) restoration, climate change, or other factors. Regardless of the drivers, the recent release of this rare but important habitat type could have significant implications for associated songbi...

statutory groups are one of the phenomenal effects on the spread of power in a society. realizing statutory groups has significant effects on macro policy and decision makings. the life style, patterns of consumption, ideology, ways of collecting members and the style of resistance of one statutory group against others can result in struggles and shifting power in a society. members of a statut...

Quantifying woody plant biomass has often proven difficult in the field for reasons that include irregular plant morphology, between-observer variability, and lack of standardized techniques. One potential solution to these challenges is the use of groundbased photographic technology. Our objective was to develop a photo-based technique that could be used to monitor changes in willow (Salix spp...

Seasonal water limitation exerts a strong ecological filter on stream communities in semiarid regions. For firstyear riparian willow and poplar tree seedlings, desiccation from rapidly declining river flows can limit reproduction, especially on rivers in which flow regulation and land conversion have limited the amount of area available for recruitment. We investigated survivorship of first-yea...

Background: Diet is considered as an important contributor to the development of the cancers. In the present study, the association of dietary patterns with gastric cancer risk was studied. Methods: In the present case-control study, 192 newly diagnosed gastric cancer patients and 365 subjects as control group were included. The participants in each group underwent face-to-face interview. For ...