When depth of flow past a river bridge exceeds opening under the bridge, the flow under the bridge becomes pressurized. The water is directed downward and under the bridge deck, causing increase in velocity and shear stress on the bed thereby increasing bed scour. This is termed as Pressure Flow Scour. The present study investigates the phenomenon of pressure flow scour resulting from a submerg...

Multiple culture techniques now exist for the long-term maintenance of neonatal primary murine intestinal organoids in vitro; however, the achievement of contractile behavior within cultured organoids has thus far been infrequent and unpredictable. Here we combine finite element simulation of oxygen transport and quantitative comparative analysis of cellular microenvironments to elucidate the c...

The effects of various carbon sources and their initial concentrations on mycelia production by Hericium erinaceum were investigated by determining the dry cell weight (DCW) and β-glucan content of mycelia in submerged culture. Glucose and xylose were superior carbon sources for promoting mycelial growth resulting in mycelial concentrations of 3.99 g/L and 4.01 g/L, respectively; glucose was th...

Metyrapone, a potent cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, added at 9 mM to a submerged culture of Streptomyces cinnamonensis caused partial inhibition of total monensin biosynthesis and coproduction of new metabolites, 26-deoxymonensins A and B. The latter was isolated as its 25-O-methyl derivative. Metyrapone was simultaneously reduced to metyrapol. All of these compounds were identified by nuclear mag...

GENTAMICIN sulphate (Garamycin: Schering) is a mixture of two pseudo-oligosaccharides produced when Micromonospora purpurea is grown in submerged culture; the structure of the molecule has not yet been established. This is a preliminary survey of a series of 27 cases of conjunctivitis and keratitis treated with Genticin eyedrops. They were not selected but taken at random as they presented at t...

Xylanase production by a newly isolated Aspergillus niger SS7 was studied in submerged culture. The optimum initial pH for xylanase production was found to be 7.0. Different agricultural and industrial wastes were evaluated for their ability to induce xylanase production by this isolate. The best xylanase production (293.82 IU/ml) was recorded at 3% (w/v) corn cob hulls after 120 h of incubatio...

The white-rot fungus Pycnoporus sanguineus produces laccase under a range of C/N ratios in submerged liquid culture. Enzyme production was increased 50 fold in the presence of 20 FM xylidine to a maximum of 1368 U L-I in a high carbon low nitrogen medium. Slight repression of enzyme production was observed in high nitrogen culture medium. Other potential inducers were less effective (Tween 80, ...

Situated in the Talvar valley of the Bijar County, Tepe Gheshlagh is an archaeological site with a sequence spanning the Chalcolithic through to the Bronze Age. Two seasons of salvage excavations have covered the site as it will be submerged as part of the intended lake of the Talvar Dam. Results from the excavations show evidence of long-lasting Chalcolithic (Dalma) settlements at the site. Da...

An investigationi was undertaken to determine the oxygen absorption rates of a submerged culture of Bacillus anthracis at all stages of its growth cycle. The determination of oxygen absorption rates of a pathogenic fermentation such as this by analysis of the exhaust gases seemed to present fewer technical difficulties than did those methods that depended upon polarographic determination of dis...