We estimated the energy expenditures resulting from helping behaviour in the cooperatively breeding cichlid N. pulcher by measuring the metabolic rates directly associated with specific social and territory maintenance behaviours of individual pair males and females, and their helpers, in a respirometer. In pair males, pair females and helpers, routine metabolism was raised on average 4.4, 3.8 ...

BACKGROUND In Pakistan, 16% of the women aged 15-19 years are married. Many get married shortly after they attain menarche. This study explores the preparedness for and actual experiences of married life (inter-spousal relationship, sexual activity and pregnancy) among adolescent women. METHODS Among married adolescent women residing in a slum of Islamabad ten were selected with the help of a...

Losing a fight (social defeat) induces submissiveness and behavioral depression in many animals, but the mechanisms are unclear. Here we investigate how the social defeat syndrome can be established as a result of experiencing aversive stimuli and the roles of neuromodulators in the process. While biogenic amines and nitric oxide (NO) are associated with reduced aggression in mammals and insect...

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Received: 8 Mar. 2017 Accepted: 8 Dec. 2017 ePublished: 1 Mar. 2018 Introduction: The stress of pregnancy itself, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) that develops during pregnancy is also a stressor, because it can cause serious maternal and fetal health problems. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between the characteristics of pregna...

Pairing in neutral territory is a common method for studying aggressive behavior in rodents [7, 9, 10]. Agonistic interactions in most rodent species follow the same pattern [13]. During the first several minutes after pairing, the animals inspect the place and each other and then begin to demonstrate postures that can be interpreted as threats, since this demonstration usually precedes acts of...

The mammalian neuropeptide, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) interacts with two G-protein coupled receptors, MCHR1 and MCHR2; however, only MCHR1 is expressed in rats and mice. In the present study, we evaluated MCHR1 antagonism in preclinical models believed to be predictive of anti-obesity and antidepressant activity. Central activity of the selective MCHR1 antagonist, 6-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-...

An experimental model was constructed using seven postulates derived from the experimental results of Zayan (1974, 1975a,b,c, 1976). The model specifies the relative importance of several asymmetries in predicting aggressive dominance in Xiphophorus helleri. These asymmetries concern differences between opponents with respect to: prior residence in the tested area (versus intrusion); immediate ...

BACKGROUND Clownfishes (Pomacentridae) are brightly colored coral reef fishes well known for their mutualistic symbiosis with tropical sea anemones. These fishes live in social groups in which there is a size-based dominance hierarchy. In this structure where sex is socially controlled, agonistic interactions are numerous and serve to maintain size differences between individuals adjacent in ra...

Data warehouses have emerged as a new business intelligence paradigm where data store and maintain in concurrent. The modifications are required in the implementation of Extract Transform Load (ETL) operations which now need to be executed in an online fashion. The adaptive approach takes two phases. The Extraction phase and the joining phase. The Extraction phase recognition of the subset of s...