The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are due to the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Multiple neuroinflammatory processes are exacerbated in Parkinson's disease, including glial-mediated reactions, increased expression of proinflammatory substances, and lymphocytic infiltration, particularly in the substantia nigra. Neuroinflammation is also implica...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com LC: Locus Coeruleus; LHA: Lateral Hypothalamic Area; MLR: Midbrain Locomotor Region; NAc: Nucleus Accumbens; NRGc: Nucleus Reticularis Gigantocellularis; NRMc: Nucleus Reticularis Magnocellularis; ORX: Orexin; PD: Parkinson’s Disease; PM: Premotor Area; PMRF: Pontomedullary Reticular Formation; PPN: Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus; PRF: Pontine R...

A rat model of Parkinson's disease was induced by injecting lactacystin stereotaxically into the left mesencephalic ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta. After rats were intragastrically perfused with Anchanling, a Chinese medicine, mainly composed of magnolol, for 5 weeks, when compared with Parkinson's disease model rats, tyrosine hydroxylase expression was increased, α-s...

A 37 year woman developed neuroleptic induced parkinsonism that persisted long after the drug had been discontinued. This prompted a study of the effect of an eight week course of haloperidol (HAL) followed by two week withdrawal, on dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra in rats. Animals treated with HAL showed a highly significant 32%-46% loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive...

We investigated the applicability of the pre-embedding immunoperoxidase technique to WGAapoHRP-Au retrograde tracing. After injection of the tracer into the substantia nigra of rat, the brain was fixed and cryostat sections were immunostained for dopamine. The sections were osmicated and silver-stained to amplify the colloidal gold particles. Products of both the immunoperoxidase staining and t...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com LC: Locus Coeruleus; LHA: Lateral Hypothalamic Area; MLR: Midbrain Locomotor Region; NAc: Nucleus Accumbens; NRGc: Nucleus Reticularis Gigantocellularis; NRMc: Nucleus Reticularis Magnocellularis; ORX: Orexin; PD: Parkinson’s Disease; PM: Premotor Area; PMRF: Pontomedullary Reticular Formation; PPN: Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus; PRF: Pontine R...

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons of substantia nigra in the midbrain control voluntary movement, and their degeneration is the cause of Parkinson's disease. The complete set of genes required to specifically determine the development of midbrain DA subgroups is not known yet. We report here that mice lacking the bicoid-related homeoprotein Pitx3 fail to develop DA neurons of the substantia nigra. Othe...