[1] We present a general framework for probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) of subsurface contamination. PRA provides a natural venue for the rigorous quantification of structural (model) and parametric uncertainties inherent in predictions of subsurface flow and transport. A typical PRA starts by identifying relevant components of a subsurface system (e.g., a buried solid-waste tank, an aquitar...

This paper presents a practical model for computing the subsurface BRDF of materials composed of a homogeneous semi-infinite layer and a thin painted layer on the top. Solution of light propagation inside a scattering/absorbing medium is expensive. We propose a fast and exact subsurface BRDF computation model using the Ambartsumian’s integral equation for the bottom layer and using invariant im...

Introduction: Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) can noninvasively detect electrical properties over a wide frequency range (1 mHz – 10 kHz) at depths ranging from 10s cm to 10s m. Electrical properties vary directly with density and mineralogy. Therefore, DS can determine the subsurface distribution of water ice, adsorbed water, ilmenite, and possibly Fe. Understanding the subsurface distribution of...

abstract this study was conducted to determine the impacts of different drip irrigation method and amount of water on yield and water use efficiency of tomato in varamin agricultural research center, iran. the study was done during two years. experimental design was randomized complete blocks design (rcbd) in split plot with three replications. three different drip irrigation method; surface dr...

The existence of life in the deep terrestrial subsurface is established, yet few studies have investigated the origin of nitrogen that supports deep life. Previously, 16S rRNA gene surveys cataloged a diverse microbial community in subsurface fluids draining from boreholes 3000 feet deep at Henderson Mine, CO, USA (Sahl et al., 2008). The prior characterization of the fluid chemistry and microb...

In lunar exploration, spaceborne high frequency (HF) radar sounder is an effective tool for investigation of lunar subsurface structure in lunar exploration [1] [2]. The primary strategy for radar sounder detection of subsurface structure is through the time delay and intensity difference of the lunar surface and subsurface nadir echoes (Figure 1). It is important to fully understand electromag...

Generally, studies of the terrestrial example of Yellowstone National Park indicate that the diversity of microbial life at the geothermal subsurface-surface interface is considerable. On the other hand, experiments in a subsurface well in Biscuit Basin suggest that the Yellowstone subsurface is highly reduced, with minimal in situ subsurface life at this location. The absence of life in the su...