The two-class clustering problem is formulated as an integer convex optimisation problem which determines the maximum of the Earth Movers Distance (EMD) between two classes, constructing a bipartite graph with minimum flow and maximum inter-class EMD between two sets. Subsequently including the nearest neighbours of the start point in feature space and calculating the EMD for this labellings qu...

Apophis is considered by the Greeks as chaos, the God of destruction. For this reason, in current times, this name returns to scene to represent a destructive potential threat to the Earth. It is the name of an asteroid that orbits a region that represents a high risk of collision with the Earth. This asteroid was discovered in 2004 and received the initial name of 2004MN4. Then it was named Ap...

As the Earth revolves around the Sun, it orbits through planetary debris left from the formation of the solar system. Many of the debris objects are asteroids and comets in orbits bringing them close to the Earth and are referred to as Near-Earth-Objects (or NEOs). Of the total NEO population, some portion are in orbits actually intersecting or crossing the orbit of the Earth. The asteroids of ...

On 2012 September 30–October 1 the Earth underwent a two-step geomagnetic storm. We examine the Sun-toEarth characteristics of the coronal mass ejections (CMEs) responsible for the geomagnetic storm with combined heliospheric imaging and in situ observations. The first CME, which occurred on 2012 September 25, is a slow event and shows an acceleration followed by a nearly invariant speed in the...

This contribution describes the science and the technology of the BOREXINO experimentfor sub-MeV solar neutrinos at the undergroundGran Sasso laboratory. The paper shortly summarizes the material presented in reference 1. 1 Solar neutrinos and the solar neutrino problem 1.1 Standard Solar Model Our Sun shines because of fusion reactions similar to those envisioned for terrestrial fusion reactor...

The paper discusses a model of the bombardment Earth and Moon by small bodies when these planets were formed. It is shown that total ice mass delivered with to from feeding zone giant outer asteroid belt could have been comparable Earth’s oceans. Objects initially crossed Jupiter’s orbit become Earth-crossers mainly within first one million years. Most collisions originally located at distance ...

Observational searches for asteroids orbiting near Earth’s triangular Lagrange points face unique obstacles. A population of such asteroids would occupy a large projected area on the sky (possibly hundreds of square degrees) and is not favorably placed with respect to the Sun. Here we examine the properties of synthetic populations of Earth “Trojans” in order to aid in the optimization of obser...

We revisit the distant future of the Sun and the Solar system, based on stellar models computed with a thoroughly tested evolution code. For the solar giant stages, mass loss by the cool (but not dust-driven) wind is considered in detail. Using the new and well-calibrated mass-loss formula of Schröder & Cuntz, we find that the mass lost by the Sun as a red giant branch (RGB) giant (0.332 M , 7....

This article presents the results of an experiment which Investigated elementary school children’s explanations of the day/night cycle. First, third, and fifth grade children were asked to explain certain phenomena, such as the disappearance of the sun during the night, the disappearance of stars during the day, the apparent movement of the moon, and the alteratlon of day and night. The results...