background: the purpose of this study was to evaluate nodal irradiation with conventional three-field's technique. materials and methods: fifty patients with breast cancer were enrolled in this study. computed tomography scans in the supine treatment position were imported into a treatment planning system. levels i-iii axillary and supraclavicular nodes were identified and their depths to ...

BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has emerged as a novel player in energy homeostasis in humans and is considered a potential new target for combating obesity and related diseases. The current 'gold standard' for quantification of BAT volume and activity is cold-induced 18F-FDG uptake in BAT. However, use of this technique is limited by cost and radiation exposure. Given the fact that BAT i...

BACKGROUND Rates and risk factors of local, axillary and supraclavicular recurrences can guide patient selection and target for postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT). PATIENTS AND METHODS Local, axillary and supraclavicular recurrences were evaluated in 8106 patients enrolled in 13 randomized trials. Patients received chemotherapy and/or endocrine therapy and mastectomy without radiotherapy. Med...

PURPOSE The purpose of this module is to review the main ultrasound-guided approaches used for regional anesthesia of the upper limb. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The anatomical configuration of the upper limb, with nerves often bundled around an artery, makes regional anesthesia of the arm both accessible and reliable. In-depth knowledge of upper limb anatomy is required to match the blocked territory...

OBJECTIVE Long-term results after surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) are reviewed in terms of personal histories and surgical techniques. METHODS Forty-eight operations were performed in 37 patients. In 21 instances, the picture was one of ordinary TOS, in eight TOS was traumatic and in nine the picture was sub-acute. Cervical ribs were excised through a supraclavicular approach (in s...

OBJECTIVE Brachial plexus perineural blocks provide specific analgesia for upper limb surgery. We present our experience with ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus perineural blocks for distal upper limb surgery. Although single-injection ultrasound-guided supraclavicular blocks have been reported, little is known about the advantages using this approach compared with nerve stimulat...

BACKGROUND Multiple needle attempts to gain a muscle twitch or a paresthesia for a classical supraclavicular brachial plexus block can increase the risks of nerve damage or pain. The aims of this study were to obtain reliable clinical data on ultrasound-guided supraclavicular blocks, demonstrate the higher success rate and fewer complications, and design an injection method for patients whose b...

The present study describes a case of a painful supraclavicular soft-tissue metastasis of a skin melanoma invading the brachial plexus in a 38-year-old male. The patient was treated twice with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) under computed tomography (CT) guidance, which caused tumoral necrosis. The patient was originally referred with a 7-cm metastasis in the right supraclavicular fossa, which c...

The sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) functions as a landmark for physicians such as anatomists, orthopaedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, and anaesthesiologists, who intervene in the minor supraclavicular fossa located at the base of the neck. The variability of SCM anatomy may cause complications while trying to access the vital elements that are located in the minor supraclavicular fossa. This stu...

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. And radical synchronized chemoradiotherapy has become an important treatment measures for this disease. It is necessary to define the therapeutic target zone based on computer tomography(CT)-images for precise radiotherapy. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the regularity of lymph node metastas...