Hydraulic gold mining in the Sierra Nevada, California (1853–1884) displaced ~1.1 billion m of sediment from upland placer gravels that were deposited along piedmont rivers below dams where floods can remobilize them. This study uses topographic and planimetric data from detailed 1906 topographic maps, 1999 photogrammetric data, and preand post-flood aerial photographs to document historic sedi...

This report addresses the problem of extracting topographic features from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) imagery. The features are used for Earth science applications and include slope, curvature, aspect, flow direction, flow accumulation and compound topographic index (CTI). The objective of our work is (1) to support topographic feature extraction similar to the one in ArcGIS, (2) to...

OBJECTIVES Computational methods are increasingly used to optimize transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) dose strategies and yet complexities of existing approaches limit their clinical access. Since predictive modelling indicates the relevance of subject/pathology based data and hence the need for subject specific modelling, the incremental clinical value of increasingly complex model...

In rugged terrain, the accuracy of surface reflectance estimations is compromised by atmospheric and topographic effects. We propose a new method to simultaneously eliminate atmospheric and terrain effects in Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images based on a 30 m digital elevation model (DEM) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) atmospheric products. Moreover, we define a norm...

Most studies dealing with home ranges consider the study areas as if they were totally flat, working only in two dimensions, when in reality they are irregular surfaces displayed in three dimensions. By disregarding the third dimension (i.e., topography), the size of home ranges underestimates the surface actually occupied by the animal, potentially leading to misinterpretations of the animals'...

Modern irrigation supply systems have diversified and yet methods of their classification have been overlooked. Thus, each system appears unique and this makes it difficult to integrate experience gained from their analysis. This paper postulates that ‘‘hydraulic command’’ is responsible for their diversification and creates ‘‘generic’’ variations among irrigation systems with each command meth...

This paper demonstrates how a recently reported shape-from-shading scheme can be used to extract topographic information from 2D intensity imagery (Worthington and Hancock, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 21 (1999) 1250}1267). The shape-from-shading scheme has two important features which enhance the recovered surface description. Firstly, it uses a geometric update procedure which allo...

Anatomical variations of foramens of the skull have been of interest for neuroanatomists due to clinical consequences that these structures can cause, especially in the areas as neurosurgery and dentistry. These anatomical variations tend to be neglected by clinicians and most are mentioned or described as "rare" or "occasional" in human anatomy books. However, the knowledge of three-dimensiona...