Topography is an important land-surface characteristic that affects most aspects of the water balance in a catchment, including the generation of surface and sub-surface runoff; the flow paths followed by water as it moves down and through hillslopes and the rate of water movement. All of the spatially explicit fully distributed hydraulic and hydrological models use topography (represented by t...

Background Surface Topography can be used to evaluate patients with spinal deformity, especially adolescents with scoliosis in whom a reduced number of radiographic evaluations is desired. The Formetric 4D (Diers International GmbH, Schlangenbad, Germany) is a surface topography system that is able to identify anatomical landmarks and construct a 3-dimentional model of the spine using only surf...

Abstract Deep rolling is a machining process which used to decrease roughness and induce compressive residual stresses into component surfaces. A recent publication of this research group showed possibilities predict the topography during deep bars in lathe. Although can be milling machine flat specimens, it still unclear, whether predicted similar extend using application. To investigate influ...