Surrogate end points in clinical research pose real danger. A surrogate end point is an outcome measure, commonly a laboratory test, that substitutes for a clinical event of true importance. Resistance to activated protein C, for example, has been used as a surrogate for venous thrombosis in women using oral contraceptives. Other examples of inappropriate surrogate end points in contraception i...

To increase their chances of survival and reproduction, animals must detect changes in food quality and then decide if, and how quickly, to adjust their behavior. How quickly an animal responds to change will depend on the information available (cognitive, sensory, or physiological) and how it weights those types of information. Surrogate measures of meal size suggest that sensory information i...

Rhizosheaths comprise soil that adheres to plant roots and, in some species, are indicative of root hair length. In this study, the genetics of rhizosheath size in wheat was investigated by screening the progeny of multiparent advanced generation intercrosses (MAGIC). Two MAGIC populations were screened for rhizosheath size using a high throughput method. One MAGIC population was developed from...

Abstract The study summarizes opinions of 7504 representatives the medical community on organizational issues surrogacy programs, rights, and responsibilities their participants. Although Russian lawyers are yet to consolidate in developing legal framework, health professionals think that aspects crucial. Almost all believe surrogate mothers contracting parents should be offered a lawyer before...

This report highlights some of the historical evolution of our research involving the characteristics that are essential for effective human-surrogate interactions. In this report, a consolidated glossary of terms related to human-surrogate interaction is described, following which an attempt at defining a consolidated space of surrogate characteristics is made. The rationale behind the space d...

It is commonly believed that the correlations between stock returns increase in high volatility periods. We investigate how much of these correlations can be explained within a simple non-Gaussian one-factor description with time independent correlations. Using surrogate data with the true market return as the dominant factor, we show that most of these correlations, measured by a variety of di...

Axial slits remarkably improve performance of the solid-rotor induction motors due to reduction of the rotor surface impedance. Those also change the end effect, but this is usually ignored in analysis, as it would require taking account for a realistic current density distribution. This work employs a simplified local 3-d finite element analysis to create a surrogate model of this end effect. ...

Selective transcriptional profiling is an attractive approach for alleviating the high cost of genetical genomics research as it requires only a subset of individuals in the QTL mapping study for microarray experiments. Current statistical methods for this approach are based on parametric models that might not be appropriate for all experiments. To provide a nonparametric method for analyzing d...

We introduce a method for transliteration generation that can produce transliterations in every language. Where previous results are only as multilingual as Wikipedia, we show how to use training data from Wikipedia as surrogate training for any language. Thus, the problem becomes one of ranking Wikipedia languages in order of suitability with respect to a target language. We introduce several ...

Change of expected value under equivalent probability measures and use of surrogate assets Maciej Klimek Change of expected value under equivalent probability measures and use of surrogate assets We prove an elementary theorem showing to what extent the expected value of a random variable driven by two independent random variables changes as a result of switching to a new equivalent probability...