history of language teaching methodologies is characterized by variety of syllabuses equal to the number of teaching methods. following the ups and downs in teaching methods, syllabuses have had the same destiny. in line with the humanistic trend in this arena, whole learner involvement received prime significance to the extent that many favor negotiated syllabus in language teaching and lea...

Kiswahili is a foreign language (FL) in Uganda. Formally, the teaching of begins lower secondary phase. In this phase, had been taught for many years without an authorised syllabus. Nonetheless, 2008, government Uganda launched existing grammatical syllabus (hereafter, 2008 syllabus). It should be noted that, while standard among aims postulated syllabus, information and topics regarding, examp...

Should a syllabus be precise? Shall we indicate exactly how many points we should assign for each test and for each assignment? On the one hand, many students like such certainty. On the other hand, instructors would like to have some flexibility: if an assignment turns out to be more complex than expected, we should be able to increase the number of points for this assignment, and, vice versa,...

Preface In artificial-intelligence research, the probabilistic-network, or (Bayesian) belief-network framework for automated reasoning with uncertainty is rapidly gaining in popularity. The framework provides a powerful formalism for representing a joint probability distribution on a set of statistical variables. In addition, it offers algorithms for efficient probabilistic inference. At presen...