This paper introduces a test-pattern named a dense component for checking inconsistencies in the hierarchical structure of a wordnet. Dense component (viewed as substructure) points out the cases of regular polysemy in the context of multiple inheritance. Definition of the regular polysemy is redefined – instead of lexical units there are used lexical concepts (synsets). All dense components ar...

Robotic systems that interact with untrained human users must be able to understand and respond to natural language commands and questions. If a person requests “take me to Alice’s office”, the system and person must know that Alice is a person who owns some unique office. Similarly, if a person requests “bring me the heavy, green mug”, the system and person must both know “heavy”, “green”, and...

Taxonomic status of Paratrilobus Micoletzky, 1922 Bastian (1865) established the genus Trilobus with T. gracilis as type species. Trilobus {Paratrilobus) with T. (Paratrilobus) grandipapilloides as type was set up by Micoletzky in 1922. Generic rank was given to this subgenus by Baylis and Daubney (1926). Filipjev and Schuurmans Stekhoven (1941) also gave it generic rank, but as a synonym of Tr...

Juncus quartinianus (Juncaceae sect. Ozophyllum) was described by Richard in 1851 from Ethiopia. Some authors have treated this species as a synonym of J. fontanesii and others as a synonym of J. oxycarpus. Based on morphological analyses of flowers, fruit and seeds, we propose to restore J. quartinianus as a distinct species from both these taxa. Its detailed re-description and an identificati...

Toxomerus hauseri Mengual sp. n. and Toxomerus picudus Mengual sp. n. are described from Peru and Ecuador respectively. Toxomerus circumcintus (Enderlein, 1938) is treated as a valid species and not considered synonym of Toxomerus marginatus, and Toxomerus ovatus (Hull, 1942) is considered junior synonym of Toxomerus nitidus (Schiner, 1868). An identification key for the Toxomerus species with ...

Genomic IR, characterized by its highly specific information need, severe synonym and polysemy problem, long term name and rapid growing literature size, is challenging IR community. In this paper, we are focused on addressing the synonym and polysemy issue within the language model framework. Unlike the ways translation model and traditional query expansion techniques approach this issue, we i...