Background: Water distribution networks (WDNs) are facilities that require massive investment and their optimization is very important. This study aimed to optimization and development of models for promoting WDNs with using engineering judgment. In this method, instead of controlling all system states, it is possible to search the optimal set of options based on engineering judgment and hydra...

Water-hammer is a transient condition which may occur in a network as a result of rapid or slow valve closures, pump failures, changes in turbine loading, etc. It creates high and low pressure waves which travel along the system and decay as a result of wall shear stress. Comparison o experimental and theoretical results revealed the failure of steady or quasi-steady models in correctly predict...

In this study, the pressure drop for the binary mixtures of particles differing in size and density in a pseudo-2D spouted bed was experimentally studied. A binary mixture of solid particles including sand, Gypsum, and polyurethane was used in the experimental setup. Effects of static bed height, cone angle, particles diameter, and a particles weight fraction on the bed pressure drop were e...

the mechanical aspect of entropy-exergy relationship, together with the thermal aspect usually consid-ered, leads to an extended formulation of physical exergy based on both maximum useful work and maximum useful heat that are the outcome of available energy of a thermodynamic system. this approach suggests that a mechanical entropy can be studied, in addition to the already used thermal entrop...

Heat exchangers are the critical components of refrigeration and liquefaction processes. Selection of appropriate operational conditions for cryogenic recuperative heat exchanger and expansion valve operating in Joule-Thomson cooling system results in improving the performance and efficiency. In the current study, a straightforward procedure is introduced to design an efficient Joule-Thomson co...

pressurized irrigation technologies of course have the potential to raise the productivity of land and water; but, these technologies could not popularize among the smallholders who own millions of farms worldwide. in developing pressurized irrigation technologies, particularly for field crops irrigation, researchers and manufacturers have developed more specialized and expensive technologies w...