BACKGROUND/AIMS Type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients have a higher incidence of liver disease. T1D patients frequently experience elevated plasma ketone levels along with hyperglycemia. However, no study has examined whether hyperketonemia per se has any role in excess liver damage in T1D. This study investigates the hypothesis that hyperketonemia can induce oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction....

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by an autoimmune attack on pancreatic beta cells that leads to insulin deficiency. The incidence of T1D in Australia has doubled over the past 20 years. T1D treatment focuses on physiological insulin replacement, aiming for near-normal blood glucose levels. Hypoglycaemia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in T1D. Optimal T1D management is complex, ...

Previous studies have shown that enteroviral RNA can be detected in blood at the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The infection may play a role in triggering T1D and genetic host factors may contribute to this process. We investigated (1) whether enterovirus is present at the onset of T1D in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), plasma, throat, or stool, and (2) whether enteroviral presence...

AIMS Reduced levels of free and total insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) have been observed in type-1 diabetes (T1D) patients. The bioavailability of IGF-I from the circulation to the target cells is controlled by multifunctional IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). The aim of this study was to profile serum IGFBPs in T1D and its complications. DESIGN We measured the IGFBP levels in 3662 patient ...

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is caused by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Viral infections induce immune responses that can damage beta cells and promote T1D or on the other hand prevent the development of the disease. However, the opposing roles of viral infections in T1D are not understood mechanistically. We report here that viruses that do not inflict...

In addition to HLA and insulin genes, the costimulatory molecule CTLA-4 gene is a confirmed type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility gene. Previous studies investigated the association of CTLA-4 genetic variants with the risk of T1D, but with inconclusive findings. Here, we tested the contributions of common CTLA-4 gene variants to T1D susceptibility in Tunisian patients and control subjects. The s...

OBJECTIVE Evidence supporting an association between complement (C) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) includes the identification of C-fixing islet cell autoantibodies in T1D sera and genetic associations with the major histocompatibility complex III C4 region on chromosome 6. Therefore, we investigated whether C activation was present in pancreata from those with or at increased risk (positive for T1D...

BACKGROUND The functional reproductive alterations seen in women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have changed as therapy has improved. Historically, patients with T1D and insufficient metabolic control exhibited a high prevalence of amenorrhea, hypogonadism and infertility. This paper reviews the impact of diabetes on the reproductive axis of female T1D patients treated with modern insulin therapy, ...

OBJECTIVE The relationship between plasma uric acid (PUA) and renal and cardiovascular parameters in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is not well understood. Our aims in this exploratory analysis were to study the association between PUA and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), blood pressure, endothelial function, and arterial stiffness ...

In both humans and NOD mice, particular MHC genes are primary contributors to development of the autoreactive CD4 ؉ and CD8 ؉ T cell responses against pancreatic ␤ cells that cause type 1 diabetes (T1D). Association studies have suggested, but not proved, that the HLA-A*0201 MHC class I variant is an important contributor to T1D in humans. In this study, we show that transgenic expression in NO...