The objectives of this study were (1) to determine whether there is association between skin tattoos, Hepatitis-B and prisons, (2) to investigate risk behaviors for Hepatitis-B and (3) to describe characteristics of person who have tattoos. Methods. This retrospective study consisted of a self-administered survey, and an ELISA blood test for viral hepatitis B. The study sample consisted of all ...

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a global threat. The only approved vaccine against TB, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), provides insufficient protection and, being a live vaccine, can cause disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. Previously, we found that intradermal cDNA tattoo immunization with cDNA of tetanus toxoid fra...

Background: The use of temporary henna tattoos has increased dramatically in recent years, especially in children and adolescents. To obtain a darker colour and prolong the life of the tattoo, red henna, a plant-derived substance, is typically added to para-phenylenediamine (PPD). The mixture is called temporary black henna tattoo (TBHT). Because of its molecular characteristics, PPD can induce...

Q-switched lasers are the treatment of choice for amateur and professional tattoos, because these devices achieve optimal selective photothermolysis of dermal tattoo pigment, thereby minimizing collateral tissue damage.[1] Unfortunately, laser tattoo removal is costly and tedious, requiring multiple treatments for professional tattoos (up to 20 sessions). Variables that make tattoos harder to c...

The human papillomavirus (HPV), of which more than 200 different types have so far been identified, is an infectious disease impacting skin and mucous membranes. Several genera exist with distinct clinical impact. However, with ornamental tattoos increasing in popularity, a number of mostly cutaneous side effects have also been reported, such as infections, allergic reactions, or even a rise of...

There is increasing concern for the well-being of cetacean populations around the UK. Tattoo skin disease (characterised by irregular, grey, black or yellowish, stippled cutaneous lesions) caused by poxvirus infection is a potential health indicatora potential health indicator for cetaceans. Limited sequence data indicates that cetacean poxviruses (CPVs) belong to an unassigned genus of the Cho...

During tattooing, a high amount of ink is injected into the skin. Tattoo inks contain numerous substances such as coloring pigments, impurities, solvents, emulsifiers, and preservatives. Black amorphous carbon particles (carbon black), white titanium dioxide, azo or polycyclic pigments create all varieties color shades in visible spectrum. Some ingredients tattoo might be hazardous allergenic c...