The concept of semantic tagging and its potential for semantic enhancements to taxonomic papers is outlined and illustrated by four exemplar papers published in the present issue of ZooKeys. The four papers were created in different ways: (i) written in Microsoft Word and submitted as non-tagged manuscript (doi: 10.3897/zookeys.50.504); (ii) generated from Scratchpads and submitted as XML-tagge...

This study describes a new record of a thelotremoid lichen (Leucodecton desquamescens) from South Korea. The taxon is characterized by thick, bulging thallus with many calcium oxalate crystal inclusions; an immersed, round to irregular ascomata with free exciple, ellipsoid to ± roundish submuriform, brown ascospores, and lack of secondary metabolites. A detailed taxonomic description and commen...

The molecular-clock hypothesis, i.e., the rate constancy of molecular evolution (Zuckerkandl and Pauling 1965), has been a cornerstone for several issues in molecular evolution, such as the neutral mutation hypothesis (Kimura 1983) and the estimation of phylogenies (Nei 1987, pp. 309-3 13 ) and divergence times (Li and Graur 199 1, pp. 117-l 18). For the purpose of assessing the constancy of mo...

A new emu (Emuarius guljaruba, sp. nov.) is described from the Late Oligocene Etadunna Formation (Ngama Local Fauna), based on a complete tarsometatarsus. While exhibiting evidence of cursorial abilities advanced over those of cassowaries (Casuarius), this taxon was not as cursorially adapted as the living Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). This taxon is provisionally referred to the genus Emuariu...

Endophytic fungi constitute a remarkable multifarious group of microorganisms live within plants tissues without causing any obvious negative effect. Endophytic fungi have been found in every plant species examined to date. During an investigation on endophytic fungi, 123 fungal isolates were obtained from healthy twigs and leaves of cherry (Prunus avium) and sour cherry (P. cerasus) trees in I...

BACKGROUND Differential expression analysis on the basis of RNA-Seq count data has become a standard tool in transcriptomics. Several studies have shown that prior normalization of the data is crucial for a reliable detection of transcriptional differences. Until now it has not been clear whether and how the transcriptomic approach can be used for differential expression analysis in metatranscr...

In this paper, the new taxa Lepidium ferganense (Brassicaceae) was recorded for the flora of Iran for the first time. This taxon belongs to Irano-Turanian region. It was compared with the closest taxa in the present study. In addition, a morphological description, several Illustrations, and a distribution map were presented.

Of 30 sows from a herd believed to be free of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infection, 2 had complement-fixing antibodies to H. pleuropneumoniae serotype 5. Necropsy and microbiological examination of the two sows revealed no evidence of H. pleuropneumoniae infection; however, Haemophilus taxon "minor group" and a urease-negative, indole-positive Haemophilus sp. were isolated from numerous respi...