BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine intestinal and liver helminth infections in Rattus rodents in Tehran Iran. METHODS Overall, 306 traps were put in 39 different regions in Tehran from 2009 to 2010. Rodents, including R. rattus and R. norvegicus were caught by live-traps. They become unconscious and the spinal cords were cut, afterwards the body was dissected and the stomach, s...

BACKGROUND The spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major public health problems through the world. Surveillance of anti-TB drug resistance is essential for monitoring of TB control strategies. The occurrence of drug resistance, particularly multi-drug resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR), defined as resistance to at least rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH), has bec...

The prospect of state government driven carbon emission reduction targets brings with it the prospect of local target setting. Such targets will need to be based on good quality estimates of energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions along with viable assumptions about reduction potential at the local level. So there is a growing requirement for good quality emissions data at the level of local...

The amount of wastewater characteristics loading is one of the main parameters in the design of wastewater collection and treatment systems. The generation per capita per day (GPCD) of wastewater characteristics was estimated by analyzing the monthly data of nine wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, capital city of Iran. GPCD values were calculated from measured collected wastewater flow, the...

Associate Professor, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Assistant Professor, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences AND Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Associate Professor, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran Unive...

There are a limited number of studies on attitudes towards mental illness and mentally ill from Islamic countries even though Islam is the second largest of the religious beliefs in the world. An interesting element in Islamic teaching is the idea that mental illness as well as other ailments might be an effect of the will of Allah. This could imply that persons suffering from mental disorders ...

This article discusses responses to disease in Aberdeen during a formative period in the provision of healthcare within the city. The foundation of King's College was followed, in 1497, by the establishment of the first royally endowed university Chair of Medicine in the British Isles, and its first incumbent, James Cumming, was employed by the local government as the first city doctor in 1503....