Our understanding of the immediate effects of exercise on Achilles free tendon transverse morphology is limited to single site measurements acquired at rest using 2D ultrasound. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed 3D description of changes in Achilles free tendon morphology immediately following a single clinical bout of exercise. Freehand 3D ultrasound was used to measure Achil...

How functional versatility emerges in vertebrate limbs in spite of their anatomical complexity is a longstanding question. In particular, fingers are actuated by numerous muscles pulling on tendons following intricate paths. In contrast, the tendon-driven robotic hands with intuitive tendon routings preferred by roboticists for their ease of analysis and control do not perform at the level of t...

Figure 1. Lateral knee radiograph showing patella alta. A 68-year-old male presented to the emergency department with anterior right knee pain after falling at home and directly hitting his patella on the stepladder edge while he was going upstairs. Physical examination revealed infrapatellar region painful swelling and impaired knee extension. Knee radiographs showed no fracture; however, the ...