In yeast, the enzymes required for steps (1) to ( 3 ) are “induced” enzymes which are synthesized only if galactose is present in the medium (DE ROBICHONSZULMAJSTER 1958). The nonallelic genes GA, and GA, are required in our strains of Saccharomyces for the rapid fermentation of galactose. GA, appears to control the transfer of galactose into the cell (DOUGLAS and CONDIE 1954) ; in the absence ...

Tetraploid Crassostrea gigas were first successfully produced in 1993 by inhibiting the first Ž polar body of eggs from triploids that had been fertilized with sperm from diploids Guo and . Allen method . However, attempts to repeatedly produce high yields of tetraploids were inconsistent. Because of these uncertainties, we examined some of the fundamental aspects of tetraploid production in an...

Polyploid plants usually exhibit broader leaves, thicker stems, bigger flowers and fruits, dwarfing stature, as well improved biotic abiotic resistance. Therefore, increasing the polyploidy is one of most important strategies used in plant breeding. Here, we reported successful induction tetraploids two pear varieties, ‘duli’ (Pyrus betulaefolia), a wildtype for rootstocks grafting, ‘Xinli No.7...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The spatial distribution of cytotypes can provide valuable insights into evolutionary patterns of polyploid complexes. In a previous study the macro-scale distribution of the three main cytotypes in Senecio carniolicus (Asteraceae) within the Eastern Alps was characterized. Employing a roughly 12-fold extended sampling, the present study focuses on unravelling patterns of cy...

Characterization of homoeallelic base-identity in allopolyploids is difficult since homeologous subgenomes are closely related and becomes further challenging if diploid-progenitor data is missing. We present HANDS2, a next-generation sequencing-based tool that enables highly accurate (>90%) genome-wide discovery of homeolog-specific base-identity in allopolyploids even in the absence of a dipl...

Suppose there are d diploids and m tetraploids. In the language of [2], there are m models h = 1, h = 2, . . .h = m, where h is the number of hybridizations. Each model has a different number of parameters. The main difficulty with the network prior is that the normalization constants are needed for the different models. Let W be the network topology and node times. The conditional priors π(W |...