A debate in drug policy rankles between proponents of use reduction and harm reduction. We present a stylized two-state, one-control dynamic optimization model of this choice based on a social cost related definition of harm reduction, and parameterize it both for cocaine in the U.S. and for Australia's population of injection drug users. Static analysis of a binary choice between pure harm red...

Keywords--Manufactur ing system, Steady state distribution, Preconditioner conjugate gradient method. 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N In this paper, we s tudy a two-station manufacturing system. The system consists of two reliable machines (one in each station) producing one type of product. Each product has to go through the manufacturing processes in the two stations before it is finished. The pro...

medicines constitute a substantial proportion of out-of-pocket (oop) expenses in indian households. in order to address this issue, the government of india launched the jan aushadhi (medicine for the masses) scheme (jas) to provide cheap generic medicines to the patients (http://janaushadhi.gov.in/about_jan_aushadhi.html). these medicines are provided through the jan aushadhi stores established...

Inventory inaccuracy emerges as a significant management issue, leading to profit losses within the supply chain network. This study focused on randomly misplaced inventory. Here an integrated inventory model has been constructed with two-stage production two manufacturing units. The first manufacturer produces semi-finished goods, while second finished items. reliability becomes concern if man...

Climate change mitigation and security of energy supply are important targets of Austrian energy policy. Bioenergy production based on resources from agriculture and forestry is an important option to attain these targets. In order to increase the share of bioenergy, supporting policy instruments are necessary. The cost-effectiveness of these instruments in attaining policy targets depends on t...

Selective UV-spectrophotometric methods for determination of iron(III) in iron(II) samples have been developed. The methods are based on the interaction of Fe(III) with quercetin and morin, compounds of the flavonoid group. Redox reactions occurring between Fe(III) ions and the reagents used make the basis for the detection. Iron(II) does not react with quercetin and morin under the conditions ...

The South African Government recently set targets to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) by lowering salt consumption. We conducted an extended cost-effectiveness analysis (ECEA) to model the potential health and economic impacts of this salt policy. We used surveys and epidemiologic studies to estimate reductions in CVD resulting from lower salt intake. We calculated the average out-of-pocket ...