It is shown that the extra coordinate of 5D induced-matter and membrane theory is related in certain gauges to the inertial rest mass of a test particle. This implies that the Weak Equivalence Principle is a geometric symmetry, valid only in the limit in which the test mass is negligible compared to the source mass. Exact solutions illustrate this, and show the way to possible resolutions of th...

We show that the least number principle for strict Σk formulas can be characterized by the existence of alternating minima and maxima of length k. We show simple prenex forms of these formulas whose herbrandizations (by polynomial time functions) are ∀Σ̂1 formulas that characterize ∀Σ̂1 theorems of the levels T k 2 of the Bounded Arithmetic Hierarchy, and we derive from this another characterizat...

2 'Human language is based on an elementary property that also seems to be biologically isolated: the property of discrete infinity.'-Noam Chomsky (2000:3) 0.1 Introduction 'Discrete infinity' refers to the property by which language constructs from a few dozen discrete elements an infinite variety of expressions of thought, imagination and feeling. The property 'seems to be biologically isolat...

We review some approaches to the quark-lepton mass problem. The ideas of mass-protection and approximate chiral flavour symmetries as a framework for resolving the mass hierarchy problem are presented. Dy-namical calculations of the top quark and Higgs particle masses, based on infra-red fixed points and the so-called multiple point principle respectively, are discussed. We also consider mass m...

Sets of texts are structured through a more or less refined hierarchy of sections, subsections and paragraphs; this structure contains information that should be exploited to handle these data and in particular, to enrich the comparison of texts, as a complement to the vector description of their contents. We propose a kernel-based methodology that follows this principle for a topographic clust...

Black humor plays a crucial role in fulfilling Langston Hughes's anti-racist purposes as an integral notion in his poetry.  Accordingly, translation(s) of his poetry are to benefit from the same indexes on the basis of equivalent effect principle. On this account, 33 black-humor-rich poems of Hughes, translated by Ahmad Shamloo, Yaghma Golruee and Hassan Fayyad, were selected to be analyzed con...