Abstract: I discuss the initial conditions for a parton cascade.

We study the impact of setting initial conditions in numerical simulations using the standard procedure based on the Zel’dovich approximation (ZA). As it is well known from perturbation theory, ZA initial conditions have incorrect second and higher-order growth and therefore excite long-lived transients in the evolution of the statistical properties of density and velocity fields. We also study...

One of the best ways for better understanding of biological experiments is mathematical modeling. Modeling cancer is one of the complicated biological modeling that has uncertainty. Therefore, fuzzy models have studied because of their application in achievement uncertainty in modeling. Overall, the main purpose of this modeling is creating a new view of complex phenomena. In this paper, fuzzy ...

Loop quantum cosmology is shown to provide both the dynamical law and initial conditions for the wave function of a universe by one discrete evolution equation. Accompanied by the condition that semiclassical behavior is obtained at large volume, a unique wave function is predicted.

Lemma 0.1 Let (X, d1) and (Y, d2) be metric spaces. Form the metric space (X × Y, d) where d ((x1, y1), (x2, y2)) = d1(x1, x2) + d2(y1, y2). Suppose that for each x ∈ X we have a function ux ∈ Cb(Y ), the space of bounded continuous functions from Y to R . (Here l is fixed.) Suppose moreover that for each x0 ∈ X, lim x→x0 ‖ux − ux0‖ = 0. (Here ‖‖ denotes sup norm on Y .) For x ∈ X, y ∈ Y , put ...

We investigate the role of initial conditions at colonial independence on economic growth in Africa in the post-independence period using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA). A key innovation in our estimation methodology is that we incorporate parameter heterogeneity in model averaging as well as try to mitigate the endogeneity problem present in growth regressions. In order to ensure that differen...

Environmental noise is known to sustain cycles by perturbing a deterministic approach to equilibrium that is itself oscillatory. Quasicycles produced in this way display a regular period but varied amplitude. They were proposed by Nisbet and Gurney (Nature 263 (1976) 319) as one possible explanation for population fluctuations in nature. Here, we revisit quasicyclic dynamics from the perspectiv...

We estimate the initial conditions of a multivariable dynamical system from a scalar signal, using a modified Newton-Raphson method incorporating the time evolution. We can estimate initial conditions of periodic and chaotic systems and the required length of scalar signal is very small. We also find that the information flow from one variable to the other has logarithmic dependence on time. An...

The Baum-Welch (EM) algorithm is a familiar tool for calculation the maximum likelihood estimate of the parameters in hidden Markov chain models. For the particular case of a binary Markov chain corrupted by binary channel noise a detailed study is carried out of the innuence that the initial conditions impose on the results produced by the algorithm.