Women occupy leadership positions at all levels of government. While the topic has been extensively investigated and referred to national legislatures, other venues remain under-researched. By focusing on mayoral office, this article aims contributing fill research gap regarding local government arena specifically executive positions. Drawing a survey around 2,600 European mayors, study investi...

OBJECTIVES This article investigates whether foreign-born status confers a protective effect against low birth weight (LBW) and whether this protective effect varies across racial/ethnic groups and by socioeconomic status (ie, education) within various racial/ethnic groups. METHODS Logistic regression analyses of the Detail Natality Data, 1998 (n = 2,436,890), were used to examine differentia...

this article intends to analyze women's political participation in municipal centers in isfahan province. in the article, one of the basic propositions of the exchange theory regarding the women political participation is examined. according to this proposition, the more valuable a reward is for a deed, the more probably the deed will be carried out. the method for this research was survey...

This article investigates how the arena of fashion, as an example of consumption culture, has been an important locus of female individualization. Individualization is defined in a Foucauldian manner as the process by which human beings are channelled into individuals. From the mid-19th century onwards, the subject of ‘individualization’ has been a central theme in sociological, historical and ...

this article explores the primitive ideas supporting the equality between men and women in arab society after the movement. the scientific advances in the west during the nineteenth century as well as their impact on the arab world combined with the social conditions of arab countries and their backwardness contributed to the increasing social demands of women. the impact of this new wave was p...

Children's maternal, self, and marital representations were examined in 46 children 3 1/2 to 7 years old using the MacArthur Story Stem Battery. Children drawn from agencies serving battered women expressed fewer positive representations of their mothers and themselves, were more likely to portray interparental conflict as escalating, and were more avoidant and less coherent in their narratives...