A coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) is integrated to a near-equilibrium state with the normal, half-normal, and twice-normal amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Most of the ocean below the surface layers achieves 70% of the total response almost twice as fast when the changes in radiative forcing are cooling as compared to the case when they are warming the cli...

Evolutionary game theory has traditionally assumed that all individuals in a population interact with each other between reproduction events. We show that eliminating this restriction by explicitly considering the time scales of interaction and selection leads to dramatic changes in the outcome of evolution. Examples include the selection of the inefficient strategy in the Harmony and Stag-Hunt...

JULY 2003, GSA TODAY ABSTRACT Atmospheric levels of CO2 are commonly assumed to be a main driver of global climate. Independent empirical evidence suggests that the galactic cosmic ray flux (CRF) is linked to climate variability. Both drivers are presently discussed in the context of daily to millennial variations, although they should also operate over geological time scales. Here we analyze t...

We establish Anderson’s inequality on time scales as follows: ∫ 1 0 ( n ∏ i=1 f σ i (t) ) t ≥ (∫ 1 0 (t + σ(t))n t )( n ∏ i=1 ∫ 1 0 fi (t) t ) ≥ ( 2n ∫ 1 0 tn t )( n ∏ i=1 ∫ 1 0 fi (t) t ) if fi (i = 1, . . . , n) satisfy some suitable conditions. c © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We define and discuss the notion of pseudospherical surfaces in asymptotic coordinates on time scales. Two special cases, namely dicrete pseudospherical surfaces and smooth pseudosperical surfaces are consistent with this description. In particular, we define the Gaussian curvature in the discrete case. Mathematics Subject Classification 2000: 53A05, 39A12, 52C07, 65D17. PACS Numbers: 02.40.Hw,...

We present a version of Opial’s inequality for time scales and point out some of its applications to so-called dynamic equations. Such dynamic equations contain both differential equations and difference equations as special cases. Various extensions of our inequality are offered as well.

We consider the structure of the solution set of a nonlinear SturmLiouville boundary value problem defined on a general time scale. Using global bifurcation theory we show that unbounded continua of non-trivial solutions bifurcate from the trivial solution at the eigenvalues of the linearization, and we show that certain nodal properties of the solutions are preserved along these continua. Thes...

Cognitive neuroscience boils down to describing the ways in which cognitive function results from brain activity. In turn, brain activity shows complex fluctuations, with structure at many spatio-temporal scales. Exactly how cognitive function inherits the physical dimensions of neural activity, though, is highly non-trivial, and so are generally the corresponding dimensions of cognitive phenom...

In Sensorimotor Contingency Theory (SMCT) differences between the perceptual qualities of sensory modalities are explained by the different structure of dependencies between a human’s actions and the ensuing changes in sensory stimulation. It distinguishes modalityrelated Sensory-Motor Contingencies (SMCs), that describe the structure of changes for individual sensory modalities, and object-rel...

The main theme in this paper is an initial value problem containing a dynamic version of the transport equation. Via this problem, the delay (or shift) of a function defined on a time scale is introduced, and the delay in turn is used to introduce the convolution of two functions defined on the time scale. In this paper, we give some elementary properties of the delay and of the convolution and...