introduction: determination of the canal working length with radiographs has many drawbacks. electronic apex locators have been developed to overcome some of these problems. recently, a newly designed apex locator called novapex has been introduced. all the studies conducted to determine the accuracy of novapex have been carried out in-vitro on extracted teeth. the aim of this in vivo study was...

In qPlus atomic force microscopy the tip length can in principle approach the length of the cantilever. We present a detailed mathematical model of the effects this has on the dynamic properties of the qPlus sensor. The resulting, experimentally confirmed motion of the tip apex is shown to have a large lateral component, raising interesting questions for both calibration and force-spectroscopy ...

OBJECTIVES To compare and characterize the ideal nasolabial angle, nasal tip width, and location of the eyebrow apex for Asian and white women. METHODS From approximately January 1, 2005, to June 30, 2005, we photographed the faces of 2 Asian women and 2 white women of differing ages. Each model's image was modified to create different eyebrow shapes, unique nasolabial angles, and varying nas...

In this study we simulate noncontact atomic force microscopy imaging of the TiO2 ~110! surface using first-principles and atomistic methods. We use three different tip models to investigate the tip-surface interaction on the ideal surface, and find that agreement with experiment is found for either a silicon tip or a tip with a net positive electrostatic potential from the apex. Both predict br...

Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a powerful characterization technique for imaging local electrochemical and electrostatic potential distributions and has been applied across a broad range of materials and devices. Proper interpretation of the local KPFM data can be complicated, however, by convolution of the true surface potential under the tip with additional contributions due to long ...

The near-field scanning microwave microscope NSMM can quantitatively image materials properties at length scales far shorter than the free space wavelength . Here we report a study of the effect of tip geometry on the NSMM signals. This particular NSMM utilizes scanning tunneling microscopy STM for distance-following control. We systematically examined many commercially available STM tips and f...

High resolution atomic force microscopy (AFM) in liquids offers atomic scale insight into the structure at water/solid interfaces and is perhaps the only tool capable of resolving the nature of formed hydration layers. However, convolution between the imaging signal and the tip/surface interactions and hydration layers means that interpretation is far from straightforward. Modeling the complex ...

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a characterization method used to obtain images of the stray field emanating from surface magnetic samples with high spatial resolution. The MFM signal arises convolution moment distribution tip sample. Therefore, deconvolution sample requires well-defined micromagnetic structure tip. While remains challenging assess, it convenient calibrate tip-equivalent cha...