The default response of the intestinal immune system to most antigens is the induction of immunological tolerance, which is difficult to reconcile with the constant exposure to ligands for TLR and other pattern recognition receptors. We showed previously that dendritic cells (DC) from the lamina propria of normal mouse intestine may be inherently tolerogenic and here we have explored how this m...

Given the critical role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in acid nucleic recognition in the initiation of innate immunity and the orchestration of adaptive immunity, the aim of this study was to determine whether any heterogeneity of PRR expression in the airway tracts of infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection might explain the broad clinical spectrum of RSV-associated ...

BACKGROUND Adjuvants serve as catalysts of the innate immune response by initiating a localized site of inflammation that is mitigated by the interactions between antigens and toll like receptor (TLR) proteins. Currently, the majority of vaccines are formulated with aluminum based adjuvants, which are associated with various side effects. In an effort to develop a new class of adjuvants, agonis...

BACKGROUND Paraplegia continues to complicate thoracoabdominal aortic interventions. The elusive mechanism of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury has delayed the development of pharmacological adjuncts. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, can have pathological responses after a variety of insults. This can occur through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in stroke m...

BACKGROUND Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is used to assess intermediate lesions in native coronary arteries; minimum lumen area (MLA) <4.0 mm(2) is accepted as a cutoff for a significant stenosis. We evaluated the IVUS in-stent MLA at 9-month follow-up that best predicted subsequent target lesion revascularization (TLR)-free survival in patients from the TAXUS IV, V, and VI studies. METHODS...

Regulation of monocyte response to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) occurs via activation of receptors that elicit innate antiviral effects and later T-cell responses. Our previous data (Yew et al.., 2010) demonstrated that human monocyte scavenger receptor A type 1 (SR-A1) are required for sensing of HCMV by endosomal toll-like receptors (TLRs)-3 and -9, which in turn induce critical pro-inflammat...

Plexins and semaphorins are ligand-receptor pairs that serve as guidance molecules in the nervous system and play some roles in immunity. Plexins are similar to the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in their evolutionary conservation from flies to mammals. By studying plexin-A4-deficient (Plxna4(-/-)) innate immune cells, in this study we show a novel influence of plexin-A4 on TLR signaling. Plxna4(-/...

The expressions of Toll-like receptor (TLR) -2, -4 and -9 were immunohistochemically investigated in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), and epithelia of the follicle-associated intestinal villus (FAIV) and ordinary intestinal villus (IV) in rat Peyer's patch regions with no bacterial colonies on the mucous membranes. TLR-2 was expressed in the striated borders of microvillous columnar ep...

The recently delineated role for IL-23 in enhancing Th-17 activity suggests that regulation of its expression is distinct from that of IL-12. We hypothesized that independent TLR-mediated pathways are involved in the regulation of IL-12 and IL-23 production by myeloid-derived dendritic cells (DCs). The TLR 2 ligand, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), the TLR 4 ligand, LPS, and the TLR 7/8 ligand, resimiq...

BACKGROUND The standardized uptake value (SUV) is the nearly exclusive means for quantitative evaluation of clinical [18F-]fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) whole body investigations. However, the SUV methodology has well-known shortcomings. In this context, it has been recognized that at least part of the problems can be eliminated if tumor SUV is normalized to th...