BACKGROUND Previous studies demonstrated that constipation and painful defecation are associated with stool toileting refusal (STR), but whether they are the result of STR or occur before this behavior is not known. OBJECTIVE To determine whether constipation and painful defecation occur as a result of STR or occur before STR. METHODS Three hundred eighty children between 17 and 19 months o...

6 Household demand for improved sanitation in developing countries is an important 7 social and behavioral process with implications for public health, sanitation policy and 8 planning, and sanitation design and technology development. This paper develops a 9 behavioral approach to assess household demand for improved sanitation in Ghana. Adoption 10 decision stages of preference, intention, an...

Restroom environmental hygiene is known to be of importance for prevention of certain infectious and parasitic diseases. At the same time, it is known that sanitary standards in the lavatories in public places of the former Soviet Union are, on average, far from perfect. One of the psychological mechanisms is, obviously, the following. In the Soviet Army, cleaning of the toilet, as well as othe...

While the topic of women and water, sanitation and hygiene is a widely accepted concern among academics and activists, it continues to be an issue in developing countries with serious consequences. Based on a qualitative research conducted in rural Uttar Pradesh, India, the paper affirms that sanitation issues for women and girls are compounded by inequitable gender norms that put them at great...

INTRODUCTION In Nigeria, Taenia solium cysticercosis is a problem in rural areas where most pigs are kept and in urban areas where infected pork can be consumed. METHODOLOGY We performed enzyme linked immunosorbent assays on serum samples collected from pig rearers in Jos, Nigeria, to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies. RESULTS Of 125 subjects tested, 12 (9.6%) were positive for T. ...

This research examined whether sensory processing disorder (SPD) exists at a higher rate in children who exhibit dysfunctional elimination syndrome (DES). The primary hypothesis was that children ages 5-10 who have DES have a higher rate of SPD than the general population. The secondary hypothesis was that there is a correlation between DES and SPD. Study participants were children aged 5-10 wh...

Gastrointestinal diseases are major contributors to mortality among children globally, causing one in 10 child deaths. Although most deaths are in children aged ≤ 5 years, the burden of disease in school-aged children is still considerable and contributes to high rates of school absenteeism. This study investigates behavioral and structural risk factors associated with diarrhea and/or vomiting ...

Main results 14 studies (12 randomised controlled trials, 843 children) met the selection criteria. Children had encopresis in 12 studies and faecal incontinence resulting from congenital abnormalities in 2 studies. Study duration was 2–6 weeks in 6 studies, 8–18 weeks in 6 studies, and 12 months in 1 study. 8 studies compared conventional treatment (laxatives, dietary advice, and toilet traini...

Electrolysis of toilet wastewater with TiO2-coated semiconductor anodes and stainless steel cathodes is a potentially viable onsite sanitation solution in parts of the world without infrastructure for centralized wastewater treatment. In addition to treating toilet wastewater, pilot-scale and bench-scale experiments demonstrated that electrolysis can remove phosphate by cathodic precipitation a...

BACKGROUND Globally, one in ten individuals practice open defecation. Despite media speculation that it increases women's risk of sexual violence, little empirical evidence supports the claims. We investigate the relationship between household sanitation facilities and women's risk of non-partner sexual violence (NPSV) in India, where nearly half of the population lives without a pit or toilet....