Pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) and 4 (TLR4) are important in detecting and responding to stress and bacterial stimuli. Defect or damage in the TLR2 and TLR4 pathways can lead to sustained inflammation, characteristic of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The goal of this study was to identify fruit fractions that can be tested further to develop them as complem...

Background: Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disorder that is characterized by the ectopic growth of endometrial tissue. Recently, endometriosis has been alternatively described as an immune, genetic and hormonal disease caused by exposure to environmental factors. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) comprises a family of receptors through directly recognizing exogenous and endogenous ligands play...

AIM Cardiac inflammation is important in the pathogenesis of heart failure. However, the consequence of systemic inflammation on concomitant established heart failure, and in particular diastolic heart failure, is less explored. Here we investigated the impact of systemic inflammation, caused by sustained Toll-like receptor 9 activation, on established diastolic heart failure. METHODS AND RES...

Vechur cattle, an indigenous breed of Kerala and it is the smallest cattle in world. They are highly disease resistant. The occurrence mastitis very Rare this as compared to crossbred cattle. Rearing these more cost effective they require less feed. Therefore, characterisation factors involved immune system breeds might provide insight into mechanisms variation resistance. Toll-like receptors (...

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a common health problem in the developing countries. Basic knowledge about the etiology and pathogenesis of ECC plays an important role in its prevention. Objective: To determine the relationship between salivary TLR-2 concentration and early childhood caries formation Methods: Twenty-Eight children with ages ranging from 36 to 71 months (15 in ECC gr...

  Introduction : The innate immune system as the first line of defense against the pathogens recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). Interaction of bacterial PAMPs by TLRs results in activation of innate and acquired immunity. FimH adhesin, a minor component of type 1 fimbriae encoded by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is a PAMP of TLR4 tha...