Topical anesthetics have evolved from a simple solution of cocaine to creams, ointments, gels, liposomal preparations, and to the latest sophisticated patches and peels. Topical anesthetics are essential for performing diagnostic, therapeutic, and cosmetic dermatology procedures. These anesthetics noninvasively deliver anesthesia in locally required areas. In this review, we present an overview...

A 2014 online survey of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery members indicated increasing use of intracameral antibiotic injection prophylaxis compared with a comparable survey from 2007. Forty-seven percent of respondents already used or planned to adopt this measure. One half of all surgeons not using intracameral prophylaxis expressed concern about the risks of noncommerci...

Psoralen photochemotherapy [psoralen ultraviolet A (PUVA)] plays an important part in dermatological therapeutics, being an effective and generally safe treatment for psoriasis and other dermatoses. In order to maintain optimal efficacy and safety, guidelines concerning best practice should be available to operators and supervisors. The British Photodermatology Group (BPG) have previously publi...

Gels are a relatively newer class of dosage form created by entrapment of large amounts of aqueous or hydro alcoholic liquid in a network of colloidal solid particles. Gel formulations generally provide faster drug release compared with conventional ointments and creams. In spite of many advantages of gels, a major limitation is in the difficulty in delivery of hydrophobic drugs. So to overcome...

OBJECTIVES To determine whether GPs should advise their older patients with chronic knee pain to use topical or oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). DESIGN An equivalence study was designed to compare the effect of advice to use preferentially oral or topical ibuprofen (an NSAID) on knee pain and disability, NSAID-related adverse effects and NHS/societal costs, using a randomi...

Topical hemostatic agents are used to stop bleeding in a wide range of surgical procedures. Many of the products currently available are not effective in controlling blood loss as quickly as desired, therefore, it has become common to soak hemostatic agents with thrombin, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The preparation of thrombin requires additional preparatio...

Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a primary lymphocytic cicatricial alopecia with characteristic clinical pattern of progressive frontotemporal hairline recession, perifollicular erythema and hyperkeratosis and symptoms of itch and burning, occurring mainly in post-menopausal women. FFA is considered a subtype of lichen planopilaris (LPP), based on their identical histopathology. Currently, n...

Long-term use of topical drugs has clearly been shown to induce toxic immunopathological changes in the ocular surface. Lacunae exist in the knowledge regarding the respective roles of active compounds and preservatives. The preservatives used in topical multidose ophthalmic preparations are responsible for a considerable compromise of ocular surface. In chronic diseases like glaucoma where lon...

BACKGROUND The periorbital region serves as a barometer of chronologic and environmental age and, as such, patients often seek its cosmetic rejuvenation. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article was to review the dermatologic treatments available for periorbital skin rejuvenation. METHODS Topical retinoic and glycolic acid preparations, chemical peels, botulinum and collagen injections, dermab...

Clotrimazole, a broad-spectrum imidazole antimycotic, is a widely-used prescription as well as an over-the-counter drug for treatment of mucosal (oral, vulvovaginal) candidiasis and dermatophytes. An extremely safe and well-tolerated drug, its safety profile has been well-explored in researches and trials. The commonest complaints are almost always non-serious-pruritus, rashes, paraesthesia (st...