1. Department of Pulmonology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo USP São Paulo (SP), Brazil. 2. Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo USP São Paulo (SP), Brazil. Endotracheal tube-associated pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) occur in approximately 10% to 25% of patients who require invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours; the incidence d...