BACKGROUND Traumatic injuries to the lower gastrointestinal tract occur in up to 15% of all injured combatants, with significant morbidity (up to 75%) and mortality. The incidence, etiology, associated injuries, and overall mortality related to modern battlefield colorectal trauma are poorly characterized. METHODS Using data from the Joint Theater Trauma Registry and other Department of Defen...

This article aimed to quantify the impact of United States (US) trade policies and assess how changes in tariff margins will affect imports US. To do that, we estimated elasticities by sector using a gravity structural model, computed US preference on bilateral basis, investigated alternative scenarios for properly measuring effects agreements international trade. Results showed that removal al...

Abstract We study the effects of Dominican Republic–Central America–United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), signed in 2004, on trade flows its member states. Relying structural gravity model framework, we find evidence both increases and decreases members’ bilateral trade, but also significant differences these depending direction trading members. Using a counterfactual analysis, are abl...

A method is proposed to reduce portal hypertension utilizing subtotal splenectomy and a central splenorenal shunt. The advantages of this method are: diversion of the splenic component of the portal circulation, creation of a shunt for the portal blood into the systemic circulation, preservation of the splenic function and correction of the manifestations of the hypersplenism. Two cases are pre...

A multiregion dynamic computable general equilibrium model is constructed to analyze effects of the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) on the member countries as well as third-party nonmember countries. The model is based on intertemporal optimization behaviors of consumers and firms with eight endogenously specified regions. By taking into account dynamic general equilibrium adjustments, we obs...

Japan's rice sector is supported by high prices paid by consumers that allow many farm households to maintain small rice farms. Japan's government controls trade within a tariff-rate quota and imposes a prohibitively high tariff on imports outside the quota. Within Japan, diversion programs pay farmers to substitute other crops for rice since, without government-mandated diversion, supply would...

In this paper, I present strong statistical evidence of the pervasiveness of official diversion in China’s industrial planning bureaucracy under the dual-track system. The underpricing of in-plan goods and the ensuing shortage in the plan led to gains from trade between officials who controlled the allocation of in-plan goods and customers willing to pay more than the plan prices. By diverting ...

The consequences of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on countries’ welfare are disputed. In this paper, we assess these effects using stock returns from a recent data set that spans over two hundred RTA announcements, eighty economies, and twenty years. We measure the effects of news concerning RTAs on the returns of national stock markets, after adjusting these returns for international stock ...