The adaptive hypothesis invoked to explain why parasites harm their hosts is known as the trade-off hypothesis, which states that increased parasite transmission comes at the cost of shorter infection duration. This correlation arises because both transmission and disease-induced mortality (i.e. virulence) are increasing functions of parasite within-host density. There is, however, a glaring la...

Most herbivorous arthropods are host specialists and the question is which mechanisms drive the evolution of such specialization. The theory of antagonistic pleiotropy suggests that there is a trade-off between adaptation of herbivores to a novel host and their native host. The mutation accumulation hypothesis proposes that herbivores on a novel host lose their adaptation to the native host thr...

Dealing with trade-offs lies at the heart of environmental impact assessment (EIA). However, there has been scant reflection to date on the concept of trade-offs within the EIA literature. This paper aims to contribute to the thinking about trade-offs by distilling key learning points from research conducted within the field of psychology. In particular the paper explores three interrelated que...

trade linearization according to scale, composite, and technology effects, changes the environment quality. on the other hand, trade liberalization, increases capital flow in the world. based on pollution haven hypothesis, polluted intensive industries move from the countries with stringent environmental policies to those with more relaxed environmental policies. in order to evaluate the effect...

Evolutionary trade-offs occur when selection on one trait has detrimental effects on other traits. In pathogenic microbes, it has been hypothesized that antibiotic resistance trades off with fitness in the absence of antibiotic. While studies of single resistance mutations support this hypothesis, it is unclear whether trade-offs are maintained over time, due to compensatory evolution and broad...

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We consider selective classification, a term we adopt here to refer to ‘classification with a reject option.’ The essence in selective classification is to trade-off classifier coverage for higher accuracy. We term this trade-off the risk-coverage (RC) trade-off. Our main objective is to characterize this trade-off and to construct algorithms that can optimally or near optimally achieve the bes...

globalization may have different impacts on the gender wage gap depending on the specialization and trade pattern as well as the socio-economic situation. the main purpose of this paper is to examine an impact of globalization on gender wage inequality. specifically, the hypothesis is that globalization reduces gender wage gap. for this, we have employed a panel technique for 21 selected develo...

[This corrects the article on p. 615 in vol. 11, PMID: 29379424.].