Accepted for publication 18 August 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T he relation between health and trade is not new. Disease and pestilence have long followed global trade routes, a pattern that continues into the 21st century. A Chinese trade ship was the source of Latin America’s cholera outbreak in 1991, which resulted in 10 000 deaths. Increased trade in tobacco products...

Accepted for publication 18 August 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T he relation between health and trade is not new. Disease and pestilence have long followed global trade routes, a pattern that continues into the 21st century. A Chinese trade ship was the source of Latin America’s cholera outbreak in 1991, which resulted in 10 000 deaths. Increased trade in tobacco products...

This paper examines how trade protection is affected by changes in the value-added content of production arising through global value chains (GVCs). Exploiting a new set WTO rules adopted 1995 that impose an exogenously-timed requirement for countries to re-evaluate their previously-imposed protection, we adopt instrumental variables strategy and identify causal effect GVC integration on likeli...

Humans are altering their living environment to an extent that could cause environmental collapse. Promoting change into environmental sustainability is therefore urgent. Despite a rapid expansion in conservation biology, appreciation of underlying causes and identification of long-term solutions have largely been lacking. I summarized knowledge regarding the environmental crisis, and argue tha...

The aim of this paper is the presentation of some marketing strategies for textiles and clothing products in the global and European Single Market. This presentation is based on conditions for the completion of the internal market with special reference to trade creation and trade diversion effects, and on the norms and standards related to quality, natural environment and consumer protection.

State Consumer Protection Acts (CPAs) were designed to supplement the Federal Trade Commission’s mission of protecting consumers and are often referred to as “little-FTC Acts.” There is growing concern that enforcement under these acts is not only qualitatively different than FTC enforcement, but may be counterproductive for consumers. This article examines a sample of CPA claims and compares t...

Hard times give rise to greater demand for protection. International trade rules include provisions that allow for raising barriers to aid industries when they suffer economic injury. Yet widespread use of flexibility measures may undermine the trade system and worsen economic conditions. How do states balance these conflicting pressures? This article assesses the effect of crises on cooperatio...

Much remains to be done before agricultural trade is as liberal as world trade in manufactures. But agriculture is distorted by more than agricultural policies. In developing countries especially, farming is discouraged not only by farm protection policies in high-income countries but also by those countries' own manufacturing policies and distortions to services markets. This paper explores th...