Advance translation is a method of source questionnaire development for multilingual survey projects to enhance translatability and (inter)cultural portability. The aim minimize issues in the final stage. I empirically tested results previously conducted advance think-aloud study analyzed utterances made mixed-method approach, calculating chi-square statistics cross-checking these by observatio...

the present paper is a research into the process of translating literary types. to make this feasible, first, six, presuppositions widely accepted by translation scholars are discussed, together with the techniquets) of achieving adequate translation equivalent in translating automatic language. then, with regard to the poetic function of language, as suggested by jakobson, 'foregrounding&...

this study is carried out to shed light on one of the lexical problems affecting the performance of translators while attempting to translate from an original text into a target language (in present study, from french to persian). polysemy is one of the well identified semantic problems. the words possess different meanings and significations according to the situation and the context in which ...

BACKGROUND The number of international emergency medicine (IEM) fellowships available in the US has grown dramatically since the inception of subspecialty training in 1994 Bayram et al. (Acad Emerg Med 17:748-757, 2010). These fellowships vary according to their curricular structure, intensity of fellow exposure and requirements for program completion. The variety of fellowship structures may h...