Translocation of the mRNA-tRNA complex in the ribosome, which is catalyzed by elongation factor EF-G, is one of critical steps in the elongation cycle of protein synthesis. Besides this conventional forward translocation, the backward translocation can also occur, which can be catalyzed by elongation factor LepA. However, the molecular mechanism of the translocation remains elusive. To understa...

phytoremediation is a biological method by which plants are used to remove environmental pollution caused by toxic elements such as the accumulation of cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, etc. from soil. the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) help the plant to increase uptake and translocation of low mobility nutrients and also micronutrients. in this research, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculant was...

In Escherichia coli, secretory proteins (preproteins) are translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane by the Sec system composed of a protein-conducting channel, SecYEG, and an ATP-dependent motor protein, SecA. After binding of the preprotein to SecYEG-bound SecA, cycles of ATP binding and hydrolysis by SecA are thought to drive the stepwise translocation of the preprotein across the membrane...