This is the first of a series of 4 papers in which we describe the regulation of excitatory amino acid receptors on embryonic chick motoneurons dissociated from the lateral motor column and maintained in cell culture. Techniques are described for labeling embryonic chick motoneurons in vivo with Lucifer Yellow or fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugates of wheat germ agglutinin (Fl-WGA). We estima...

Although a number of studies have considered the neural circuitry that regulates diaphragm activity, these pathways have not been adequately discerned, particularly in animals such as cats that utilize the respiratory muscles during a variety of different behaviors and movements. The present study employed the retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to identify the extended neural pa...

Locomotion relies on a precisely timed activation of sets of motoneurons. A fundamental question is how this is achieved. In the lamprey, fin and myotomal motoneurons located on the same side of the spinal cord display alternating activity during straight swimming. The neural mechanism underlying this alternation is studied here during fictive locomotion induced by superfusion with NMDA, or loc...

cell replacement therapy has provided the basis for future clinical applications to treat central nervous system injuries fallowing by car accidents. induced functional neurons are an option for replacing the lost neurons. the ability to monitor changes in membrane potential is a useful tool for studying neuronal function, but there are only limited options available at present. here, investiga...

Trigeminal trofik sendrom, trigeminal sinirin duyu dallarında meydana gelen hasar sonucunda ortaya çıkan nadir görülen bir durumdur. Baş-boyun bölgesine lokalize kronik ülserler ile karakterizedir. Literatürde herpes zoster enfeksiyonu sonrasında ve serebrovasküler olay gelişen vakalar bildirilmiştir. Gereksiz tedavilerden kaçınılması için erken tanı önemlidir. Burada, burunda nazal kanatta yar...

Adult spinal motoneurons can regenerate their axons into a peripheral nerve (PN) graft following root avulsion injury if the graft is implanted immediately after the lesion is induced. The present study was designed to determine how avulsed motoneurons respond to a PN graft if implantation takes place a few days to a few weeks later. Survival, regeneration, and gene expression changes of injure...

Idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia is the most common type of cranial neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia is a form of facial pain characterized by proximal lancinating pain confined to the somatosensory distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Bilateral trigeminal neuralgia is a rare situation with an incidence of 1% to 6% in large trigeminal neuralgia series. There is no single or standard method for t...

Abstract: To assess the effect of penetration depth of the surface tripolar electrical stimulation, Tripolar TENS was applied with different intensities (equal to sensory threshold (ST), 1.25 ST, 1.5 ST) on vertebral column of twenty healthy and three hemiplegic subjects. The cathode of TENS was laid on the T11 vertebra and anodes were put 3cm apart from cathode, longitudinally and in the anod...

Motoneurons developmentally acquire appropriate cellular architectures that ensure connections with postsynaptic muscles and presynaptic neurons. In Drosophila, leg motoneurons are organized as a myotopic map, where their dendritic domains represent the muscle field. Here, we investigate mechanisms underlying development of aspects of this myotopic map, required for walking. A behavioral screen...

Serotonin (5-HT) exerts excitatory effects in many brainstem regions involved in autonomic, somatic, motor, and sensory functions, and in control of vigilance. To determine the potential role of 5-HT2A receptors in these effects, we immunohistochemically mapped the distribution of 5-HT2A receptor-like protein in the rat pontomedullary brainstem. Areas containing the densest labeling included th...