The mechanisms of changes in the large scale hydrological cycle projected by 15 models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 3 and used for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report Four are analyzed by computing differences between 2046-65 and 1961-2000. The contributions to changes in precipitation minus evaporation, P − E, caused thermodynamically b...

Vascular diseases of the brain are the second reason of the death and the first cause of morbidity and disability worldwide. In tropical areas stroke has some particular features related to the nature of torrid zones. There are some special causes of the stroke, mainly infectious, although some of them are non-infectious. The most important etiologies are malaria, tuberculosis, cysticercosis, s...

Saturn’s moon Titan exhibits an active weather cycle that involves methane1–8. Equatorial and mid-latitude clouds can be organized into fascinating morphologies on scales exceeding 1,000 km (ref. 9). Observations include an arrow-shaped equatorial cloud that produced detectable surface accumulation, probably from the precipitation of liquid methane10. An analysis of an earlier cloud outburst in...

Northward propagating summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs) in the Indian Ocean region remain poorly understood and difficult to predict. Here we examine a free-running high-resolution regional atmospheric model (RegCM4.7 with 25 km resolution), forced distantly at boundaries by observations (ERA-Interim, 0.75 $$^{\circ }$$ ) locally observed sea-surface temperature (SST) over perio...

Abstract. Due to different orbital configurations, high northern latitude summer insolation was higher during the Last Interglacial period (LIG; 129–116 thousand years before present, ka) than pre-industrial (PI), while southern lower. The climatic response these changes is studied here with focus on Southern Hemisphere monsoons, by performing an equilibrium experiment of LIG at 127 ka Australi...

Each year landscape fires across the globe emit black and organic carbon smoke particles that can last in the atmosphere for days to weeks. We characterized the climate response to these aerosols using an Earth system model. We used remote sensing observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and simulations from the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5 (CAM5) to optimize satellitederived smoke ...

This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Earth System Dynamics (ESD). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in ESD if available. Abstract The role of extra-tropical vegetation on the large-scale tropical circulation is examined in the version 3 Hadley Centre Climate Model (HadCM3). Alternative representations of present day vegetation from observations and a dynami...