Natural tsunami catastrophes occurred over the years have developed the interest in studying the associated physical phenomena in order to refine existing modeling tools and enhance alert mechanisms. To this purpose, it is essential to carry out an adequate risk analysis for the most exposed areas and therefore to study any historical event that may provide useful indications on the dynamics of...

The existing tsunami warning system is based primarily on registration of underwater earthquake events. Unfortunately this approach has intrinsic drawbacks: the relationship between quake force and tsunami intensity/propagation is complicated and not clear. Another approach relies on direct measurement of tsunami wave height by detection of pressure change near the bottom. Such a buoy network i...

Tsunami is a system of ocean gravity waves formed as a result of large-scale disturbance of the sea floor that occurs in a relatively short duration of time. The Indian Ocean is likely to be affected by tsunamis generated mainly by earthquakes from the two potential source regions, the Andaman-Nicobar-Sumatra Island Arc and the Makran Subduction Zone. A state-of-the-art warning centre has been ...

[1] The November 2000 New Ireland earthquake sequence started with a Mw = 8.0 left-lateral main shock on 16 November and was followed by a series of aftershocks with primarily thrust mechanisms. The earthquake sequence was associated with a locally damaging tsunami on the islands of New Ireland and nearby New Britain, Bougainville, and Buka. Results from numerical tsunami-propagation models of ...

The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami was a magnitude 9.0 Mw event that destroyed most structural tsunami countermeasures. However, approximately 90% of the estimated population at risk from the tsunami survived due to a rapid evacuation to higher ground or inland. Thus, tsunami evacuation is the most effective measure to reduce casualties. In this paper, we applied a new developed e...

Throughout history, large tsunamis have frequently affected the Sanriku area of the Pacific coast of the Tohoku region, Japan, which faces the Japan Trench. Although a few studies have examined paleo-tsunami deposits along the Sanriku coast, additional studies of paleo-earthquakes and tsunamis are needed to improve our knowledge of the timing, recurrence interval, and size of historical and pre...

Present investigations of sea level extremes are based on hourly data measured at coastal tide gauges. The use of hourly data restricts existing global and regional analyses to periods larger than 2 h. However, a number of processes occur at minute timescales, of which the most ruinous are tsunamis. Meteotsunamis, hazardous nonseismic waves that occur at tsunami timescales over limited regions,...

Identification of Tsunami deposits has long been a controversial issue among geologists. Although there are many identification criteria based on the sedimentary characteristics of unequivocal Tsunami deposits, the concept still remains ambiguous. Apart from relying on some conventional geological, sedimentological, and geoscientific records, geologists need some alternative "proxies" to identi...

The Makran coast is extremely vulnerable to tsunamis and earthquakes due to the presence of three very active tectonic plates namely, the Arabian, Eurasian and Indian plates. On 28 November 1945 at 21:56 UTC, a massive Makran earthquake generated a destructive tsunami in the Northern Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. The tsunami was responsible for loss of life and great destruction along the c...

Evaluating the probability of tsunami occurrence is a crucial step in the assessment of tsunamis hazards. Deterministic tsunami hazard studies involve hydrodynamic modeling of tsunami propagation, runup, and inundation from a particular source, usually defined as the maximum credible earthquake, landslide, or another tsunami trigger. Scenario-based modeling such as this is useful in emergency p...