Phosphorus contents of coal from around the world vary although there is a tendency for Permian coals from India and Australia, and Cretaceous coals from Western Canada to have more phosphorus than Carbcmiferous coals from Europ+ and USA (Table 1). This may be because of the evolution of vegetation type over geological time or because of the conditions in the coal swamps. Data presented here su...

Rare earth elements (REE) have been recognised as critical raw materials, crucial for many clean technologies. As the gap between their global demand and supply increases, the search for their alternative resources becomes more and more important, especially for the countries which depend highly on their import. Coal fly ash (CFA), which when not utilised is considered waste, has been regarded ...