BACKGROUND Occupational exposures to ultrafine particles in the plume generated during laser hair removal procedures, the most commonly performed light based cosmetic procedure, have not been thoroughly characterized. Acute and chronic exposures to ambient ultrafine particles have been associated with a number of negative respiratory and cardiovascular health effects. Thus, the aim of this stud...

We investigated whether slowed clearance after exposure to ultrafine particles was due to a failure in alveolar macrophage phagocytosis. This was achieved by measuring the ability of a macrophage cell line (J774.2 MPhi) to phagocytose 2-microg indicator latex beads following 8-h exposures to a number of test particles. Particles utilized were fine titanium dioxide (TiO2), ultrafine titanium dio...

An extremely fine, fully pearlitic structure with an interlamellar spacing 30–50 nm has been obtained during continuous cooling transformation at a rate as low as 0.1 C s, of the steel that is normally used to produce nanostructured bainite. The solutes cobalt and aluminium have been added to accelerate the rate of reaction and reduce the interlamellar spacing by increasing the free energy of t...

We report an attempt at increasing the thermal stability of nanocrystalline bainite to tempering heat-treatments, by enhancing the silicon concentration of the alloy. Validation experiments have been conducted using synchrotron X-radiation during tempering heat treatment. It is found that the change in alloying successfully stabilises the austenite at elevated temperatures by retarding cementit...

Little is known about the effect of stress on the development of microstructure in steel welds. This paper contains an assessment of published data together with a description of the theory that is available for dealing with stress–affected transformations in steels. Attention is focused on those transformations which have the greatest potential for interaction with an externally applied stress...